scholarly journals Assessment of the Prevalence of Malaria and Typhoid Fever among Apparently Healthy Undergraduates

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Iyevhobu Kenneth Oshiokhayamhe ◽  
Obodo Basil Nnaemeka ◽  
Irobonosen Osaze Israel ◽  
Ken-Iyevhobu Benedicta Agumeile
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Plasmodium Malariae ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Microbial World ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Male Subjects

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a type of unicellular microorganism) of the genus Plasmodium. Commonly, the disease is transmitted via a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the organisms from its saliva into a person’s circulatory system. In the blood, the protists travel to the liver to mature and reproduce. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever and headache which in severe cases can progress to coma or death. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions in a broadband around the equator, including much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americans Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be transmitted by humans. The vast majority of deaths are caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, while Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae cause a generally milder form of malaria that is rarely fatal. The result showed that prevalence of typhoid fever in both male and female are 9 (%) and 21 (21%) respectively. The distribution of this result was statistically significant (p<0.05; X2=4.745). The result showed that prevalence of typhoid fever in both male and female are 6 (6%) and 4 (4%) respectively. The distribution of this result was not statistically significant (p>0.05; X2=0.105). The result showed that prevalence of the co-infection in both male and female are 3 (3%) and 2 (2%) respectively. The distribution of this result was not statistically significant (p>0.05; X2=0.205). The result showed that co-infection was negatively correlated with typhoid fever in both male (r=-0.055) and female (r=-0.074) subjects. Also co infection was negatively correlated with malaria for male subjects (r=-0.044) while it is positively correlated with the female subjects (r=0.335). Similarly typhoid fever was negatively correlated with malaria in both male (r=-0.079) and females (r=-0.105) subjects. Conclusively, the results in this study showed that the prevalence of malaria and typhoid co-infections are low which means the no association was found between malaria and typhoid fever infections within the study area. Hence one cannot actually say that malaria may predispose to typhoid fever. Also cross reacting antigens are widely distributed in the microbial world and since there will always be repeated exposures to salmonella species in endemic regions, increased efforts should be made to find a better, more rapid, sensitive and specific clinical and cultural methods.

Phytochemical investigation of the antisalmonellal effect of Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb. (Cyperaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Napoleon A. Mfonku ◽  
Gabriel T. Kamsu ◽  
Norbert Kodjio ◽  
Jie Ren ◽  
James A. Mbah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Phytochemical Investigation ◽  
Methylene Chloride Extract ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Typhoid fever is a major health burden in Sub-Saharan Africa. Conventional anti-typhoid drugs are becoming more and more unavailable to most patients in Africa due to the increased costs and emerging drug resistance. Therefore, there is a need for discovery of new antimicrobial agents to combat typhoid fever. Objective: This work aimed to investigate the bioactive components in Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb. (Cyperaceae) and test the antisalmonellal activity of the isolated compounds. Methods: Compound purification was done through column chromatography. Structure elucidation was accomplished based on the 1D and 2D NMR, IR and mass spectra. The biological assay was done using five bacterial strains, including Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sérovars Typhi ATCC 6539 (STS), S. enterica subsp. enterica sérovars Typhi (ST), S. enteritidis (STE), S. enterica subsp. enterica sérovars Typhimurim (STM), and a resistant isolate of S. enterica subsp. enterica sérovars Typhi (ST566). Results: Three natural products were isolated from the methylene chloride extract of the rhizomes of C. sphacelatus, including a new furanoquinone, scabequinon-6(14)-ene (1) and two known compounds, cyperotundone (2) and vanillin (3). Compound 1 showed moderate antisalmonellal activity, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 µg/mL against STM and STS. The best inhibitory result was obtained with compound 2 on STM with a MIC of 8 µg/mL. Compound 2 also gave the best minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 32 µg/mL on the STM strain. Conclusion: Discovery of the three antisalmonellal compounds from C. sphacelatus supports the addition of this plant to typhoid fever preparations.

The nexus between economic institutions and unemployment: evidence from sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Abdulhakeem Kilishi ◽  
Hammed Adesola Adebowale ◽  
Sodiq Abiodun Oladipupo
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Institutions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Ssa Countries

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the nexus between economic institutions (EI) and unemployment in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Specifically, the paper examines the impact of aggregate EI and ten different components of institutions on total, male and female unemployment in SSA. Design/methodology/approach The paper used unbalanced panel data of 37 SSA countries covering the period between 1995 and 2018. A dynamic heterogenous panel data model is specified for the study. Two alternative estimation techniques of dynamic fixed effect and pool mean group methods were used to estimate the models. The choice of appropriate method is based on Hausman specification test. Findings The findings reveal that aggregate EI and institutions related to the monetary system, trade flows, government spending and fiscal process significantly lead to less unemployment in the long-run. However, there is no evidence of a significant relationship between EI and unemployment in the short-run. These findings are consistent for total, male and female unemployment, respectively. Practical implications To reduce unemployment significantly in the long run, policymakers in SSA need to build more market-friendly institutions that will incentivize private investment, allow free movement of labour and goods, as well as guarantee a stable macroeconomic environment and efficient fiscal system. Originality/value Most of the existing studies focused on the influence of labour market institutions on unemployment ignoring the effects of other forms of institutions. While available studies on the link between institutions and unemployment used either OECD or other developed countries sample, with scanty evidence from Africa. However, the effects of EI could vary across regions. Thus, generalizing the findings from developed countries for SSA countries and other developing countries may be misleading. Hence, this paper contributes to the existing literature by examining the nexus between different types of EI and unemployment using the SSA sample.

scholarly journals Recrudescence ofPlasmodium malariaeafter Quinine

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfanali R. Kugasia ◽  
Farhana K. Polara ◽  
Hussein Assallum
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Plasmodium Malariae ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Case Patient ◽  
Liver Stage ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance

Plasmodium malariaecauses uncommon benign malaria found in the malaria endemic regions mostly of Sub-Saharan Africa. AsPlasmodium malariaedoes not have a continued liver stage in humans the only way to have reinfection without reexposure is through recrudescence. However, reports of its recrudescence after antimalarials are rare with only a handful of case reports in the literature. Research in this field to date has not been able to establish definitively an emergence of resistance inPlasmodium malariaeto commonly used antimalarials. In the presented case, patient had a recrudescence ofP. malariaeafter full treatment with quinine and clindamycin. This recrudescence was treated with full course of chloroquine with clearance of parasite from blood immediately after treatment and at two months’ follow up. The recrudescence in this case cannot be explained by mechanisms explained in prior articles. We propose that the indolence of some of thePlasmodium malariaetrophozoites in the blood can shield them from the effect of the toxic effects of antimalarials and enable them to produce recrudescence later. However, when recrudescence happens, this should not be considered a case of development of resistance and a course of chloroquine should be considered.

scholarly journals The Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa Program: Study Design and Methodology to Assess Disease Severity, Host Immunity, and Carriage Associated With Invasive Salmonellosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. S422-S434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Se Eun Park ◽  
Trevor Toy ◽  
Ligia Maria Cruz Espinoza ◽  
Ursula Panzner ◽  
Ondari D Mogeni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Background Invasive salmonellosis is a common community-acquired bacteremia in persons residing in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is a paucity of data on severe typhoid fever and its associated acute and chronic host immune response and carriage. The Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa (SETA) program, a multicountry surveillance study, aimed to address these research gaps and contribute to the control and prevention of invasive salmonellosis. Methods A prospective healthcare facility–based surveillance with active screening of enteric fever and clinically suspected severe typhoid fever with complications was performed using a standardized protocol across the study sites in Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria. Defined inclusion criteria were used for screening of eligible patients for enrollment into the study. Enrolled patients with confirmed invasive salmonellosis by blood culture or patients with clinically suspected severe typhoid fever with perforation were eligible for clinical follow-up. Asymptomatic neighborhood controls and immediate household contacts of each case were enrolled as a comparison group to assess the level of Salmonella-specific antibodies and shedding patterns. Healthcare utilization surveys were performed to permit adjustment of incidence estimations. Postmortem questionnaires were conducted in medically underserved areas to assess death attributed to invasive Salmonella infections in selected sites. Results Research data generated through SETA aimed to address scientific knowledge gaps concerning the severe typhoid fever and mortality, long-term host immune responses, and bacterial shedding and carriage associated with natural infection by invasive salmonellae. Conclusions SETA supports public health policy on typhoid immunization strategy in Africa.

scholarly journals The phylogeography and incidence of multi-drug resistant typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Se Eun Park ◽  
Duy Thanh Pham ◽  
Christine Boinett ◽  
Vanessa K. Wong ◽  
Gi Deok Pak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Updated estimates of typhoid fever burden in sub-Saharan Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. e969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Hoon Kim ◽  
Vittal Mogasale ◽  
Justin Im ◽  
Enusa Ramani ◽  
Florian Marks
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Incidence of Sickle Cell Anaemia among Children Attending Maryam Abacha Women and Children Hospital, Sokoto

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
S. Y. Lema ◽  
J. Suleiman ◽  
J. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Anaemia ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The World ◽  
Genotype Test ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Male Subjects

Sickle Cell Anaemia is still considered the most common genetic disease worldwide, causing morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa, Mediterranean areas, Middle East and India. Nigeria, being the most populous black nation in the world, bears its greatest burden in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study was conducted to determine the incidence of Sickle Cell Anaemia among children attending Maryam Abacha Women and Children Hospital, Sokoto. A total of one hundred (100) blood samples were examined for the disease. Out of the 100 children tested for the disease. (59%) were normal (HbAA), (35%) were carrier (HbAS) and (6%) were Sicklers (HbSS). The result based on gender showed that female has the highest percentage of the disease (5%) against male subjects with only (1%). A child between the age group 6-10 years has the highest rate of sickle cell anaemia (3%) while age group 11-15 years had the lowest rate of the infection. Improved knowledge regarding Sickle cell anaemia disease and its comprehensive care among Nigerian physicians will enhance quality of care for affected childrens and policy for regular genotype test by government and other stakeholders before marriage among Nigerians will help to prevent the disease.

scholarly journals Genomics-accelerated discovery of diverse fungicidal bacteria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B Biggs ◽  
Kelly Craig ◽  
Esther Gachango ◽  
David Ingham ◽  
Mathias Twizeyimana
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Black Sigatoka ◽  
Microbial World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Model Training

AbstractSorghum Anthracnose and Black Sigatoka of bananas are problematic fungal diseases worldwide, with a particularly devastating impact on small-holder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. We screened a total of 1,227 bacterial isolates for antifungal activity against these pathogens using detached-leaf methods and identified 72 isolates with robust activity against one or both of these pathogens. These bacterial isolates represent a diverse set of five phyla, 14 genera and 22 species, including taxa for which this is the first observation of fungal disease suppression. We identified biosynthetic gene clusters associated with activity against each pathogen. Through a machine learning workflow we discovered additional active isolates, including an isolate from a genus that had not been included in previous screening or model training. Machine-learning improved the discovery rate of our screen by 3-fold. This work highlights the wealth of biocontrol mechanisms available in the microbial world for management of fungal pathogens, generates opportunities for future characterization of novel fungicidal mechanisms, and provides a set of genomic features and models for discovering additional bacterial isolates with activity against these two pathogens.

scholarly journals Revision of the Aphthona cookei species group in Sub-Saharan Africa: pests of Jatropha curcas L. in biodiesel plantations (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini)

Entomologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. e7 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Biondi ◽  
F. Urbani ◽  
P. D’Alessandro
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Jatropha Curcas L ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Scanning Electron

The Aphthona cookei species-group from Sub-Saharan Africa, comprising some pests of Jatropha curcas L., is herein analyzed and revised. This species-group includes: Aphthona cookei (Gerstaecker, 1871), A. dilutipes Jacoby, 1906, A. nigripes (Allard, 1890), A. thikana Bryant, 1940, A. usambarica Weise, 1902, A. weisei (Jacoby, 1899b), A. whitfieldi Bryant, 1933 and the new species A. namibiana sp. n. from Namibia. The following new synonymies are proposed: Aphthona cookei (Gerstaecker, 1871)=Aphthona weisei abokana Bechyné, 1959 syn. n.; Aphthona dilutipes Jacoby, 1906=Aphthona damarorum Weise, 1914 syn. n.; Aphthona nigripes (Allard, 1890)=Pseudeugonotes vannutellii Jacoby, 1899a syn. n. A key to the species, micrographs of male and female genitalia, scanning electron micrographs of peculiar morphological characters, and distributional and ecological data are supplied. Finally, the results of a discriminant analysis using six morphological characters are also reported.

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