Ethnobotanical Study on Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge on Traditional Plant Medicine Use among People of Wonchi District in Southwest Shewa Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia

Incomplete coverage of the modern medical system, shortage of pharmaceuticals, and unaffordable prices of modern drugs, make the majority of Ethiopians still depend on traditional plant medicine. Therefore, this study is aimed to assess the current status of indigenous knowledge of traditional plant medicine used among communities of Won chi District. Method: A total of 198 informants (27 key and 171 general) were selected purposively based on the availability of key informants and vegetation richness of the District. semi-structured interview, observation, and guided field walk with informants were data collection methods. Ethnobotanical scoring and ranking methods like informant consensus, paired-wise comparison, and preference ranking were used to analyze the collected data. The findings were displayed using tables and figures. Result: A total of 93 medicinal plant species were identified. Out of these,50 species (53.76%)were noted to treat only human ailments, 3(2.23%) species were used to treat livestock ailments and the rest 40 (43.01%) were used to treat both. Nearly two-thirds of the study participants have good knowledge about traditional plant medicine use. most medicinal plants were reported by elders (94.62%) than younger age group, traditional medicinal plant healers almost know all (96.77%), regarding religion waqefata (60.21%) know than other religion. More medicinal plants were reported by males (86.02%)than females, while regarding educational status illiterate (61.29%)know and mention more Medicinal plants than literate. Therefore, all stakeholders should work together in changing the current situation in order to sustainably benefit from traditional plant medicine.

Stunting and Its Risk Factors in Under Age Five Children in Ogun State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Nigeria has the second-highest prevalence of stunting in children under five in the world. Stunting can have long-term effects on development, performance, and productivity, and it is, therefore, important to assess who is most at risk so that interventions can be better targeted. The study aimed at assessing the prevalence of stunting in under age five children in Ogun State, Nigeria, and its relationship with age, sex, maternal education, household income, and residence type. Methods: We used cross-sectional secondary data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey to assess the prevalence of stunting and establish if and how stunting is related to the children’s age, sex, household income, maternal education, and type of residence. We included data on age, sex, height/length, maternal education, household income, and type of place of residence of 274 children, aged 0-59 months. Stunting was calculated using the online version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro Survey Analyser. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (v.25). Results: The prevalence of stunting was 23%. Stunting was significantly associated with age (p=0.001). The odds of stunting were significantly highest in children aged 36-47 months (OR 22.61, 95%CI: 2.81, 181.93) relative to other age groups. Stunting was not significantly associated with sex (p=0.079), maternal education (p=0.079), household income (p=0.183) or type of place of residence (p=0.299). Conclusions: Whilst the prevalence of stunting in children aged under five in Ogun State is lower than the average prevalence of stunting in Nigeria, it is still medium according to WHO classification. Intensive nutrition interventions should be targeted to children aged 3-5 years to reduce the stunting prevalence.

Comprehensive Review on Ficus Deltoidea Effervescent Mouthwash Formulation in Treating Oral Pathogens

Ficus deltoidea or its well-known local name Mas Cotek belongs to the family of Moracaeae. This native plant is commonly found in Malaysia, other tropical and subtropical countries. Oral periodontal disease is an alarming disease and the utilization of herbal plants in treating oral pathogens has raised attention and concern. Therefore the main objective of this study was to review the effectiveness of effervescent mouthwash formulation of the FDL on treating oral pathogens. Plaque accumulation and oral microorganisms are the main predisposing factors to oral periodontal diseases. Herbal mouthwash has been of particular interest these days to treat oral pathogens. Different effervescent agents such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate were used in formulating effervescent mouthwash by different methods with varying concentrations. FDL leaves have claimed to possess different properties such as antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties which are helpful in treating many diseases. Post compression parameters such as effervescent time, moisture content, and in vitro antibacterial test were reviewed in this study. FDL has shown a strong correlation to the presence of high content of polyphenols, flavonoids, saponin, tannins, and triterpenoids. In conclusion, the type of preparation choosen is by using wet granulation method and the suitable ratio is 2:1.

Awareness and Knowledge of Mothers Regarding Home Management of Diarrheal Disease for Children Less Than Five

Background: Diarrhea is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among children less than 5 years of age. Adequate rehydration therapy is the most important aspect of management. Home-based Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) prevents morbidity and mortality. In this study, our objective was to assess the awareness and knowledge of mothers regarding home management of the diarrheal disease for children less than five years in Gaffer Ibnauf specialized children’s hospital. Methods: This study was descriptive cross-sectional in gaffer ibnauf specialized children hospital. A questionnaire was provided to all the mothers admitted by children under five. in gastroenteritis word. Results: A total of 50 mothers60% of mothers have an aware understanding of the term childhood diarrhea. 52% of mothers were aware of signs of diarrhea. 48.0% of mothers aware of the severe symptoms noticed in children with diarrhea. 40.0% of mothers identify the mode of diarrhea spread, and more than halve the mothers had poor knowledge. 52.0% of mothers are aware of the danger of diarrhea. 42.0% of respondents were aware that dehydration is associated with acute loss of water and salt from the body. 52.0% of responders had good knowledge about the management of diarrhea. 64.0% of the respondents were aware of the composition of oral rehydration therapy. 48.0% of the respondents had knowledge of how to avoid some diets (like fat and fiber) in order to prevent diarrhea. Conclusions:- The study concluded that mothers had good knowledge about definition, signs, symptoms, main danger of diarrhea, the composition of ORT, importance of fluid and breastfeed continuation, and they had poor knowledge about the diet control types of diarrheal diseases and mode of its transmission.

Weight and Health-related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

Objective: This systematic review aims to examine the spectrum of research studies including cross-cultural and international studies that have focused on weight and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, studies published in the past 25 years from 1995 until 2020 that pertain to weight and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents were identified through the use of Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and PsycInfo databases. Two authors independently conducted a focused analysis and reached a final consensus on which studies to include using specific selection criteria followed by a quality check of the studies, resulting in the final selection of 25 studies. Results: The selected studies particularized the level of impaired quality of life among normal-weight, overweight and obese children and adolescents, and distinctly found that higher participant weight was correlated with a lower HRQoL score. Conclusion: Studies showed a significant negative correlation between weight and HRQoL. Multiple types of prevention and treatment programs are critically needed to provide resources to improve quality of life in overweight and obese children and adolescents.

Dental Implants in the Geriatric Population: Challenges in Developing Economies

Aging is a natural process that results in biological and physiological changes in the body. geriatric dental patients pose unique challenges that are not routinely seen in younger patients. The difference in bone size, density, shape, and quality present unique opportunities for clinicians to consider when planning for implant replacement therapies in geriatric patients. Despite these setbacks, the popularity of implants in dentistry has risen in recent times and more clinicians and patients see the potentials for oral rehabilitation among the geriatric population. This article attempts to appraise the challenges associated with the provision of dental Implants to the older age group, particularly in developing economies. The challenges of implant treatment in developing countries remain enormous but not insurmountable. As implant treatment for a dental prosthesis in developing countries gains popularity amongst geriatric patients, clinicians must balance this treatment choice on the overall desire and health of the patient, while evaluating his clinical and laboratory competence. Decision on whether or not to place an implant in the mouth of a geriatric patient should not be made on the background of age but on a cocktail of economic, local, and systemic factors.

Prevalence of Malaria Infections Among Patients in Gimbie Adventist Hospital Western Wollega, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Malaria is a disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. The five species of parasite in humans are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P.ovale, and P. knowlesi. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in young African children. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of malaria infection and associated factors among patients attending Gimbie Adventist Hospital in West Wollega, Oromia, Ethiopia. First, a retrospective study was carried out for the past ten years (2006-2016) to study the prevalence of malaria in the study area. Second, malaria suspected patients-based cross-sectional study was carried out from March to June, 2017. A random sampling technique was carried out to select representative study participants among the patient’s members. Structured questionnaires (n=130) and blood sample examinations were used for data collection. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS 20 version. The prevalence of malaria in males was 71(65.7%) and in females were 37(34.3%). The greatest number of malaria cases tested in the age group of 16-30 years old was 52(48.1%). Among 384 Malaria suspected patients who were recruited and ascertained for parasitaemia from the blood sample test, 108 patients were malaria positive. The overall prevalence of malaria infection was 28.1%, of which 58 (53.7%) were positive for P. falciparum and 34 (31.5%) for P. vivax and the remaining 16(14.8%) were mixed (P. falciparum + P. vivax). The Major Plasmodium species identified in this study was P. falciparum (53.7%). Out of the screened patients, 69.2% responded to sleep under the ITNs the previous night. The coverage of IRs was observed to be 12.3% during the study period. The higher prevalence of malaria could be the result of several factors as explained in this study. Therefore, effective malaria control measures should be implemented in order to reduce the prevalence of malaria infection among patients.

Charge Syndrome Hallmarked with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome and Patent Ductus Arteriosus; 20 Years Post-Repairing; An Extreme Combination

Rationale: CHARGE syndrome or Hall-Hittner syndrome is a pleiotropic disorder, in which the name is derived from the abbreviation epitomizing its six clinical criteria: ocular coloboma, cardiac defects, choanal atresia, growth or developmental retardation, genital hypoplasia, and ear anomalies or deafness. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is the most frequent pattern of ventricular pre-excitation. Patent ductus arteriosus is one of the most frequent congenital heart diseases due to failure of closure of the ductus arteriosus within 72 hours of birth. CHARGE syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and patent ductus arteriosus are so difficult to be present in a single entity. Patient concerns: A young female girl patient presented to the physician’s outpatient clinic with acute confusion status with a past repaired patent ductus arteriosus. Diagnosis: CHARGE syndrome hallmarked with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and patent ductus arteriosus; 20 years post-repairing. Interventions: Plain chest x-ray, electrocardiography, oxygenation, and echocardiography. Outcomes: A dramatic clinical improvement post-oxygenation had happened. Lessons: CHARGE syndrome with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and repaired patent ductus arteriosus is an extreme combination. The existence of infantile electrocardiographic Tee-Pee sign of hypocalcemia and adult low ionized calcium with CHARGE syndrome is highly suggestive of associated DiGeorge phenotype syndrome. An absence of tachycardia post- repairing of patent ductus arteriosus from 11 mo until the 20th-year-old is a good prognostic sign. The presence of an infantile T-wave alternance will strengthen both the risk of serious arrhythmia and the efficacy of patent ductus arteriosus repairing.

Seasonal Variation in Mycological Quality of Air Environment Around a Major Market Along East-West Road in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

The distribution of bio-aerosols in diverse environments is a major concern to aero-microbiologists and environmentalists in general. The study evaluated the mycological quality of the air environment around a market along East-West road in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Petri dish containing sterile Potatoes dextrose agar was exposed for 10 minutes around a market along East-West road in Bayelsa state at a height of 1 meter. The density and diversity of the isolates were determined following standard mycological procedures. The density of the fungi–aerosols ranged from 0.0073 - 0.0268 CFU/min-m2 and was statistical higher in dry (November, January and March) compared to wet (May, July and September) seasons, an indication of seasonal influence. A total of 11 fungi species were recorded with 5 predominant species viz Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium chlamydosporum and Penicillium species (occurring in ≥66.67% of the study months), while 6 species, Aspergillus lentulus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus terreus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Microsporum canis and Mucor species are opportunistic occurring in ≤50% of the study months). Most fungi species are found in the soil, and are known to produce toxins and cause diseases. There is need for a concerted effort by local government authorities via its agencies to sensitize people on proper hygiene practices around markets.

Assessment of the Prevalence of Malaria and Typhoid Fever among Apparently Healthy Undergraduates

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a type of unicellular microorganism) of the genus Plasmodium. Commonly, the disease is transmitted via a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the organisms from its saliva into a person’s circulatory system. In the blood, the protists travel to the liver to mature and reproduce. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever and headache which in severe cases can progress to coma or death. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions in a broadband around the equator, including much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americans Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be transmitted by humans. The vast majority of deaths are caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, while Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae cause a generally milder form of malaria that is rarely fatal. The result showed that prevalence of typhoid fever in both male and female are 9 (%) and 21 (21%) respectively. The distribution of this result was statistically significant (p<0.05; X2=4.745). The result showed that prevalence of typhoid fever in both male and female are 6 (6%) and 4 (4%) respectively. The distribution of this result was not statistically significant (p>0.05; X2=0.105). The result showed that prevalence of the co-infection in both male and female are 3 (3%) and 2 (2%) respectively. The distribution of this result was not statistically significant (p>0.05; X2=0.205). The result showed that co-infection was negatively correlated with typhoid fever in both male (r=-0.055) and female (r=-0.074) subjects. Also co infection was negatively correlated with malaria for male subjects (r=-0.044) while it is positively correlated with the female subjects (r=0.335). Similarly typhoid fever was negatively correlated with malaria in both male (r=-0.079) and females (r=-0.105) subjects. Conclusively, the results in this study showed that the prevalence of malaria and typhoid co-infections are low which means the no association was found between malaria and typhoid fever infections within the study area. Hence one cannot actually say that malaria may predispose to typhoid fever. Also cross reacting antigens are widely distributed in the microbial world and since there will always be repeated exposures to salmonella species in endemic regions, increased efforts should be made to find a better, more rapid, sensitive and specific clinical and cultural methods.