scholarly journals Just Cause and the Continuous Application of Jus ad Bellum

2018 ◽  
pp. 80-97
Author(s):  
Uwe Steinhoff
Keyword(s):  
Just Cause ◽  
Jus Ad Bellum ◽  
Continuous Application

Jus ad vim

2021 ◽  
pp. 130-164
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Brunstetter
Keyword(s):  
Legitimate Authority ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Just Cause ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Jus Ad Bellum ◽  
Deliberation Process ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
New Criterion ◽  
Alternative Set ◽  
Right Intention

Jus ad vim is the set of moral principles governing the decision to use limited force. This chapter interrogates the moral permissions and restraints of these principles by recalibrating the traditional jus ad bellum criteria (just cause, last resort, proportionality, probability of success, right intention, and legitimate authority) and delineating the novel probability of escalation principle. The chapter begins with an illustration of just cause for vim, which is more permissive than for bellum, meaning there are more moral reasons to use limited force than to go to war. The concern that this view of just cause would lower the threshold for violence too far is called the permissiveness critique. The remainder of the chapter charts a course of restraint ad vim. Recalibrating last resort yields the moral independence thesis, the view that acts of limited force should not be conceived as part of the actions leading to war but rather should be thought of as an alternative set of options, while the Rubicon assessment is the deliberation process to discern what level of force is justified. The restrictive core of jus ad vim lies in satisfying a new criterion—the probability of escalation principle, which blends elements of the jus ad bellum proportionality and probability of success criteria to conceive the risks of using limited force. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how right intention and legitimate authority can be reinterpreted in a limited force context to curtail acting too easily on just cause.

When is a cause just?

2002 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAN HOLLIDAY
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Just War ◽  
Just War Theory ◽  
World Order ◽  
War On Terrorism ◽  
International Forum ◽  
Just Cause ◽  
Jus Ad Bellum ◽  
Just War Tradition ◽  
The Cold War

The September 11 terrorist strikes prompted renewed interest in a debate about just cause that has been increasingly open since the demise of the Cold War and the shift to a more multilateral and interventionist world order. This article contributes to that debate by looking first into the just war tradition to argue for a conceptual revision that equates just cause with jus ad bellum (just recourse to war). It then seeks to specify the component parts of just cause understood in this way, holding that demonstrable injustice should take the place formerly occupied by just cause in just war theory. Towards the end it uses three real-world cases to develop a mechanism for validating just cause claims. The argument is that a cause is just only when its proponents can convince an international forum of intractable injustice, responsible intervention, and an appropriate balance of contingent factors. The article closes by considering how the current war on terrorism might be assessed in such a forum.

Just War Theory and the Last of Last Resort

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamon Aloyo
Keyword(s):  
Just War ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Just War Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Just Cause ◽  
Jus Ad Bellum ◽  
Just War Tradition

The last resort criterion has a hallowed place in the just war theory tradition. Many leading just war theory scholars accept it as a jus ad bellum requirement and some powerful politicians reference it. While there are several versions of last resort, many take it to mean that peaceful options that have a reasonable chance of achieving a just cause must be exhausted before the use of force is permissible. Its justification is straightforward and commonsensical: war is terrible, inevitably results in the deaths of numerous innocents and destruction of their property, and thus should be avoided whenever possible. I argue that last resort should be dropped from the just war tradition because its inclusion in the just war tradition can result in a greater number of harms to innocents than if the precept did not exist. What should matter morally is the severity and numbers of harms inflicted on innocents, not whether those harms are inflicted violently or nonviolently. I suggest that in the context of achieving a just cause, the only actions that are permissible are those that are likely to inflict the fewest morally weighted harms and that meet the other just war theory precepts (excluding last resort). Three accounts of last resort do not permit this, whereas while a fourth does, it is redundant with an important account of the jus ad bellum proportionality precept. Thus violent policies may be preferable in some rare circumstances to nonviolent alternatives such as non-targeted sanctions and negotiations because nonviolent policies sometimes are more likely to foreseeably and avoidably result in far greater harms to innocents than violent options.

The Historical Just War Tradition

2018 ◽  
pp. 208-220
Author(s):  
Cian O'Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
Just War ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Jus In Bello ◽  
Just Cause ◽  
Jus Ad Bellum ◽  
Just War Tradition ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Right Intention ◽  
Proper Authority

In what circumstances, if any, would the recourse to war be justified? What restraints should be binding on any such use of force? The pre-eminent framework for addressing these questions is the just war tradition. Boasting a history that can be traced back to ancient Rome, this corpus has been distilled over time into a set of principles that bear on two poles, the jus ad bellum, the norms that govern the resort to war, and the jus in bello, the constraints binding on its prosecution. Scholars dispute the composition of these poles, but all concur that the former turns on “just cause,” “proper authority,” and “right intention,” while the latter includes “proportionality” and “discrimination.” This chapter discusses the prizes and pitfalls that attend the study of the ethics of war in light of the historical just war tradition.

Somatic Embryogenesis and In vitro Plant Regeneration in Vigna trilobata (L.) Verd. - A Potential Pasture Legume

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
K. Choudhary ◽  
M. Singh ◽  
M. S. Rathore ◽  
N. S. Shekhawat
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pasture Legume

This long term study demonstrates for the first time that it is possible to propagate embryogenic Vigna trilobata and to subsequently initiate the differentiation of embryos into complete plantlets. Initiation of callus was possible on 2,4-D. Somatic embryos differentiated on modified MS basal nutrient medium with 1.0 mg/l  of 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/l  of Kn. Sustained cell division resulted in globular and heart shape stages of somatic embryos. Transfer of embryos on to a fresh modified MS basal medium with 0.5 mg/l of Kn and 0.5 mg/l of GA3 helped them to attain maturation and germination. However, the propagation of cells, as well as the differentiation of embryos, were inhibited by a continuous application of these growth regulators. For this reason, a long period on medium lacking these growth regulators was necessary before the differentiation of embryos occurred again. The consequences for improving the propagation of embryogenic cultures in Vigna species are discussed. Key words: Pasture  legume, Vigna trilobata, Globular, Heart shape, somatic embryogenesis D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v19i1.4990 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 19(1): 89-99, 2009 (June)

Establishment of a Non-dormant Blueberry (Vaccinium Corymbosum Hybrid) Production System in a Warm Winter Climate

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 529a-529
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Darnell ◽  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
T.A. Obreza
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
Warm Winter ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
Leaf Retention

A high-density planting of three southern highbush cultivars was established in 1994 in southwest Florida to test the feasibility of a non-dormant blueberry production system. A non-dormant system involves continuous application of nitrogen throughout fall and winter, which enables the plants to avoid the normal dormancy cycle and the concomitant chilling requirement. Three nitrogen fertilizer rates and two organic soil amendments (muncipal solid waste compost and acidic peat) were evaluated for effects on maintaining plant growth in this system. In general, increasing N rates from 84 to 252 kg·ha–1 increased plant canopy volume, leaf retention, and rate of new vegetative budbreak. Plant height and volume were consistently greater for plants grown in the compost compared to the peat amendment, but there were no differences in leaf retention or vegetative budbreak between the two soil amendments. Flower bud density and fruit yield were increased in plants grown in the compost compared to the peat, while N rate had no effect on either. Plants in this non-dormant system have shown no deleterious growth effects, suggesting that establishing a blueberry planting in a warm winter climate is feasible under the described conditions.

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