Diversity’s Impact on the Quality of Deliberations

The present research builds on previous models of jury diversity’s benefits by exploring how diversity impacts the deliberation process. In Study 1, community members ( N = 433) participated in a jury decision-making study manipulating the strength of evidence (ambiguous vs. weak) and the diversity of the jury. When the evidence in the case was ambiguous, both white and black jurors made high-quality contributions to discussion in diverse juries than in nondiverse juries. In Study 2, undergraduate students ( N = 369) were randomly assigned to wealth and power conditions and then deliberated in diverse and nondiverse groups. Diverse juries were less likely to convict the defendant, and jurors on diverse juries made high-quality contributions to discussion. Although previous work has documented effects of diversity on high-status jurors’ contributions to deliberations, this work suggests that diversity may relate to more complex evidence evaluation for members of low-status groups as well.

Acculturation Coalesce Between Islamic Leadership with Minangkabau Local Wisdom

The Minangkabau community has a long history of Islamic culture. This historical fact is assisted by the Minangkabau natural Tambo which contains philosophy, goals, ideals, normativity, regulations, and proverbs that presuppose consensus as to the goals of society. The purpose of this study, using the perspective of Jurgen Habermas, which is based on the theory of communicative action, the researcher is helped in studying the forms of deliberation from the democratic system of the Minangkabau natural society. Qualitative research is the research method used. The critical paradigm is the chosen solution. In this study, which is combined with the concepts of shari'a associated with communication theory, Habermas’ critical hermeneutic theory will be used. The results of this study show the discursive decision-making process in the Nagari, which is then questioned with the lareh dualism that gave birth to the Tuah sakato democracy. Then from a long study related to how the deliberation process in the Minang realm has the potential to be epistemic in the post-secular era, the researchers also found that the IKM regional organizations as developers of these potentials were outside the realm and had an impact on the Minang realm itself. The results of this study can trigger further researchers to participate in cultural studies and human resources related to the importance of epistemic attitudes in the post-secular era.

KOMUNIKASI DAKWAH KOLABORATIF PEMERINTAH DESA MELALUI KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK

Margoyoso Jepara village is a village that has socio-religious problems as part of the negative impact of the times. Under these conditions, the Village Government carried out collaborative da'wah communication in overcoming these problems. This type of research is qualitative with field research methods. In this study, data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis techniques used in the form of inductive and descriptive narrative. The results of this study explain that collaborative da'wah in the Margoyoso Village Government is influenced by the existence of a village autonomy system, where the Village Government can manage and regulate its own government area according to the characteristics and styles of each. The emergence of collaborative da'wah policies is motivated by social and political religious problems. The message of Da'wah communication in the form of congregational dawn prayers, turning off the television after sunset, let's recite the Koran, and compulsory madrasah diniyah was formed through a deliberation process by the Village Government, community leaders, religious leaders, socio-religious organizations, and related stakeholders. Collaborative da'wah policy has benefits as a means to strengthen friendship with residents, a means of socialization and village information, as well as a means to improve the quality of religion and community education.

Investigating the failure to best respond in experimental games

We examine strategic sophistication using eight two-person 3 × 3 one-shot games. To facilitate strategic thinking, we design a ‘structured’ environment where subjects first assign subjective values to the payoff pairs and state their beliefs about their counterparts’ probable strategies, before selecting their own strategies in light of those deliberations. Our results show that a majority of strategy choices are inconsistent with the equilibrium prediction, and that only just over half of strategy choices constitute best responses to subjects’ stated beliefs. Allowing for other-regarding considerations increases best responding significantly, but the increase is rather small. We further compare patterns of strategies with those made in an ‘unstructured’ environment in which subjects are not specifically directed to think strategically. Our data suggest that structuring the pre-decision deliberation process does not affect strategic sophistication.

Transfer of Oral Literature: The Folk Story of Galunggung Tasikmalaya into Drama Text as a Culture Conservation Effort

Oral literary works usually produce works related to culture because they develop by word of mouth in the community. Oral literature is one of the cultural heritages originating from the community. One of the oral literature that develops in the community is folk prose or folklore. Folklore is said to be a cultural heritage because it usually expresses an event or occurrence that comes from a certain region or area and can be a toponymous story of an area. One of the folk prose or folklore that developed in the community is the folklore of Mount Galunggung originating from the City of Tasikmalaya, West Java. This study tries to transfer folklore into the form of drama texts as an effort to preserve culture by using descriptive research and literature. The folklore was converted into a one-act drama text that tells about Raden Anom Aria's deliberation with the ulama, traditional elders, and the people of Galunggung to establish the Galunggung Kingdom. The content of the drama text emphasizes more on the deliberation process. The changes made are the shrinking of the plot, setting, and characters into a one-act drama text consisting of three scenes. The characters presented include: a) Raden Anom Aria; b) White Kuncung Batara; c) Ulama (Shaykh), and the people of Galunggung to establish the Kingdom of Galunggung. The content of the drama text emphasizes more on the deliberation process. The changes made are the shrinking of the plot, setting, and characters into a one-act drama text consisting of three scenes. The characters presented include: a) Raden Anom Aria; b) White Kuncung Batara; c) Ulama (Shaykh), and the people of Galunggung to establish the Kingdom of Galunggung. The content of the drama text emphasizes more on the deliberation process. The changes made are the shrinking of the plot, setting, and characters into a one-act drama text consisting of three scenes. The characters presented include: a) Raden Anom Aria; b) White Kuncung Batara; c) Ulama (Shaykh), d) Traditional Elders, and e) People. Based on the results of this vehicle transfer research, it can be concluded that folklore can be used as a source of ideas or references for making drama scripts, whether they are staged or not. In addition, by carrying out the process of transferring folklore into drama, it will at least attract the attention and interest of the current generation.

Jus ad vim

Jus ad vim is the set of moral principles governing the decision to use limited force. This chapter interrogates the moral permissions and restraints of these principles by recalibrating the traditional jus ad bellum criteria (just cause, last resort, proportionality, probability of success, right intention, and legitimate authority) and delineating the novel probability of escalation principle. The chapter begins with an illustration of just cause for vim, which is more permissive than for bellum, meaning there are more moral reasons to use limited force than to go to war. The concern that this view of just cause would lower the threshold for violence too far is called the permissiveness critique. The remainder of the chapter charts a course of restraint ad vim. Recalibrating last resort yields the moral independence thesis, the view that acts of limited force should not be conceived as part of the actions leading to war but rather should be thought of as an alternative set of options, while the Rubicon assessment is the deliberation process to discern what level of force is justified. The restrictive core of jus ad vim lies in satisfying a new criterion—the probability of escalation principle, which blends elements of the jus ad bellum proportionality and probability of success criteria to conceive the risks of using limited force. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how right intention and legitimate authority can be reinterpreted in a limited force context to curtail acting too easily on just cause.

Ethical Deliberation in the Allocation of Respirators and Beds during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Brazil

This chapter proposes a theoretical reflection on the ethical deliberation process in the allocation of beds and respirators, in the light of the Theory of Health Justice, the Accountability for Reasonableness approach and the principle of health equity of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, as per its Portuguese acronym), before the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. The pandemic has become a serious threat to health systems, as installed capacity has been exceeded whether in terms of material resources, equipment, technology and human resources. Thus, according to the theory of Accountability for Reasonableness, a fair and deliberative process aims to ensure resource allocation through limits and constraints (reasonableness), but government responsibility derived from human rights must be considered, allowing for health programming (accountability). Faced with this scenario, where the situation will often require us to make choices, this chapter intends to discuss the assumptions for ethical deliberation, taking into account the context of the act and its foreseeable consequences.

RUMAH GADANG SEBAGAI LAMBANG DEMOKRASI SUKU MINANGKABAU DI SUMATERA UTARA

– The ethnic of Minangkabau is known for their competency in implementing social and cultural values. Minangkabau is one of the ethnic that is upholding egalitiarian and democracy system. One of their cultures related is deliberation to achieve consensus within the community. The deliberation process is done stagely by holding conferences inside one of their custom houses or known as gadang house. Gadang house is very symbolic to the Minangkabau ethnic and carries important social and cultural values. As is well known, deliberation or discussion has an important role in Indonesia’s democracy system. This study aims to discuss and discover the meaning and values behind Minangkabau’s custom house and how it impacts the effectiveness of the deliberation process by its relevance as a symbol to represent democracy values in the Minangkabau community. The method used in this study is descriptive analysis by performing literature study. According to the result of the study, authors expect to expand insight and knowledge of Indonesian people with Minangkabau culture and its implementation of democracy values in daily life. Abstrak – Masyarakat suku Minangkabau dikenal sebagai salah satu suku yang memiliki menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai sosial dan budaya. Salah satu kebudayaan masyarakat suku Minangkabau yang erat kaitannya dengan demokrasi adalah pelaksanaan musyawarah untuk mufakat dalam. Musyawarah oleh masyarakat Minangkabau dilakukan secara bertahap dan dalam beberapa pertemuan di rumah adat gadang atau balai adat. Dalam konsep demokrasi di Indonesia, musyawarah merupakan hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui makna dari rumah adat gadang serta seberapa besar pengaruhnya sebagai lambang yang merepresentasikan nilai-nilai demokrasi pada masyarakat Minangkabau. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analisis dengan melakukan studi literatur. Dari hasil penelitian yang sudah dilakukan, penulis berharap dapat menambah wawasan dan ilmu pengetahuan kepada masyarakat Indonesia akan kearifan budaya Nusantara dalam menjalankan demokrasi di dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

The role of emotions in Moral Case Deliberation: Visions and experiences of facilitators

Moral Case Deliberation is intended to assist healthcare professionals faced with difficult dilemmas in their work. These are situations that involve emotions. During Moral Case Deliberation, participants are invited to reflect on moral views and deliberate on them. Emotions are not explicitly addressed. This article aims to elucidate the role of emotions in Moral Case Deliberation, by analysing experiences of Moral Case Deliberation facilitators. Our research shows the role of emotions varies according to the phase of the Moral Case Deliberation process. One negative aspect of emotions is that they can obstruct the Moral Case Deliberation discussion or distract from the moral question. A positive aspect is that they bring the dilemma into sharper focus. Devoting attention to emotions can help to ensure that responsible decisions are made, while also increasing the moral resilience of participants.

Public Preferences in Resource Allocation for Insurance Coverage of Dental Implant Service in South Korea: Citizens’ Jury

The Korean government sought to include dental implant services for the elderly in the benefits package of the national health insurance. In 2014, the Citizens’ Jury was held to discuss the topic, during which thirty jurors, randomly selected from the 2665 applicants, participated in a day-long deliberation process after having an information session on the topic by a team of experts. There was a substantial shift in opinion during the deliberation session toward a more cost-conscious view. Most jurors supported limiting the coverage of dental implant to only one tooth per individual given the extent of the financial burden that will be imposed on the population. They opposed covering implant services for the front teeth, given that the implant of front teeth generally serves aesthetic purposes rather than restoring mastication function. The government’s final decision in 2014 was to offer coverage up to two teeth, regardless of tooth location. This scheme based on the jury’s recommendations in 2014 has been implemented without policy failure to date, which shows that the lay public can meaningfully contribute to a decision-making process regarding controversial agendas such as benefits packages for expensive health services.