Message and Environment: a framework for nudges and choice architecture

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCA CONGIU ◽  
IVAN MOSCATI
Keyword(s):  
Choice Architecture ◽  
Choice Architect

AbstractWe argue that the diverse components of a choice architecture can be classified into two main dimensions – Message and Environment – and that the distinction between them is useful in order to better understand how nudges work. In the first part of this paper, we define what we mean by nudge, explain what Message and Environment are, argue that the distinction between them is conceptually robust and show that it is also orthogonal to other distinctions advanced in the nudge literature. In the second part, we review some common types of nudges and show they target either Message or Environment or both dimensions of the choice architecture. We then apply the Message–Environment framework to discuss some features of Amazon's website and, finally, we indicate how the proposed framework could help a choice architect to design a new choice architecture.

scholarly journals Gouverner par des « coups de pouce » (nudges) : instrumentaliser nos biais cognitifs au lieu de légiférer ?

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Flückiger
Keyword(s):  
Choice Architecture ◽  
Politiques Publiques ◽  
Choice Architect

En visant la partie inconsciente et émotionnelle de notre esprit, les sciences affectives et comportementales ont démontré la possibilité d’orienter nos actions sans recourir à la contrainte. Dans ces conditions, la tentation était vive de chercher à exploiter les résultats de telles recherches pour gouverner nos conduites au lieu de légiférer. Par d’habiles « coups de pouce » (nudges), l’État devient ainsi l’architecte de nos choix (choice architect), chargé de créer un environnement incitant, à notre insu, à obéir comme il le souhaite. En d’autres termes, donner un « coup de pouce » revient à créer un environnement comportemental incitateur (choice architecture) offrant un contexte propice à l’adoption d’un comportement déterminé sans contrainte apparente. Un tel mécanisme présente l’indéniable intérêt de contribuer à mettre en oeuvre les lois et les politiques publiques de manière plus souple. L’incitation doit en effet être préférée à la coercition si la première se révèle suffisamment efficace. Pourtant, la création d’environnements comportementaux incitateurs est un moyen possiblement très intrusif, susceptible de court-circuiter notre libre arbitre. Il reviendra donc aux autorités de ne retenir que ceux d’entre eux dont la nature n’est pas manipulatoire. Fondés sur une base légale, visant un intérêt public, proportionnés, conformes à la bonne foi, transparents et non discriminatoires, ces environnements ont en revanche toute leur place dans la panoplie d’un État de droit.

EXPRESS: Sustainable by Design: Choice Architecture and the Carbon Footprint of Grocery Shopping

2021 ◽  
pp. 074391562110088
Author(s):  
Luca Panzone ◽  
Alistair Ulph ◽  
Denis Hilton ◽  
Ilse Gortemaker ◽  
Ibrahim Tajudeen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Grocery Shopping ◽  
Choice Architecture ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
Carbon Footprints ◽  
Design Choice ◽  
Goal Priming

The increase in global temperatures requires substantial reductions in the greenhouse emissions from consumer choices. We use an experimental incentive-compatible online supermarket to analyse the effect of a carbon-based choice architecture, which presents commodities to customers in high, medium and low carbon footprint groups, in reducing the carbon footprints of grocery baskets. We relate this choice architecture to two other policy interventions: a bonus-malus carbon tax on all grocery products; and moral goal priming, using an online banner noting the moral importance of reducing one’s carbon footprint. Participants shopped from their home in an online store containing 612 existing food products and 39 existing non-food products for which we had data on carbon footprint, over three successive weeks, with the interventions occurring in the second and third weeks. Choice architecture reduced carbon footprint significantly in the third week by reducing the proportion of choices made in the high-carbon aisle. The carbon tax reduced carbon footprint in both weeks, primarily by reducing overall spend. The goal priming banner led to a small reduction in carbon footprint in the second week only. Thus, the design of the marketplace plays an important role in achieving the policy objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

CHOICE ARCHITECTURE IN SHAKESPEARE’S PUBLIC MEETINGS: NUDGE THEORY AND RICHARD III, CORIOLANUS, AND JULIUS CAESAR

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ceri Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Behavioural Economics ◽  
The Political ◽  
Julius Caesar ◽  
Choice Architecture ◽  
Group Norms ◽  
Richard Iii ◽  
Public Meetings

Abstract The political and dramatic intentions behind the use of appeals to the early modern public (on and off stage) have already been examined by Shakespeareans. This article points out the technical workings of such appeals by using two new areas of research on decision-making: the ethnography of public meetings and behavioural economics on how to influence choosers. These theories can illuminate the strategies used by the tribunes in handling the citizens of Coriolanus, by Antony in dealing with the plebeians in Julius Caesar, and by Buckingham and Richard when gathering support from the Londoners in Richard III. Using six common psychological biases (anchor-and-adjust, availability, representativeness, priming, arousal, and group norms), Shakespeare’s politicians prompt their hearers to change their minds: a celebrity warrior is recast as a wily tyrant, an execution as a murder, and a regent as the legitimate king.

The choice architecture of privacy decision-making

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-422
Author(s):  
Dan Ariely ◽  
Aline Holzwarth
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Choice Architecture

scholarly journals A nudge in the right direction: the role of food choice architecture in changing populations' diets

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
H. Ensaff
Keyword(s):  
Food Choice ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Choice Architecture ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Care Costs

Populations' diets typically fall short of recommendations. The implication of this on ill health and quality of life is well established, as are the subsequent health care costs. An area of growing interest within public health nutrition is food choice architecture; how a food choice is framed and its influence on subsequent food selection. In particular, there is an appeal to manipulating the choice architecture in order to nudge individuals' food choice. This review outlines the current understanding of food choice architecture, theoretical background to nudging and the evidence on the effectiveness of nudge strategies, as well as their design and implementation. Interventions emphasising the role of nudge strategies have investigated changes to the accessibility, availability and presentation of food and the use of prompts. Empirical studies have been conducted in laboratories, online and in real-world food settings, and with different populations. Evidence on the effectiveness of nudge strategies in shifting food choice is encouraging. Underpinning mechanisms, not yet fully explicated, are proposed to relate to salience, social norms and the principle of least effort. Emerging evidence points to areas for development including the effectiveness of choice architecture interventions with different and diverse populations, and the combined effect of multiple nudges. This, alongside further examination of theoretical mechanisms and guidance to engage and inspire across the breadth of food provision, is critical. In this way, the potential of choice architecture to effect meaningful change in populations' diets will be realised.

Choice Architecture, Framing, and Cascaded Privacy Choices

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idris Adjerid ◽  
Alessandro Acquisti ◽  
George Loewenstein
Keyword(s):  
Choice Architecture

scholarly journals Choosing Among Options Presented Sequentially or Simultaneously

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shankha Basu ◽  
Krishna Savani
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Experimental Economics ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Simultaneous Presentation ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Choice Architecture ◽  
Processing Styles ◽  
Presentation Formats

When choosing among multiple options, people can view the options either one at a time or all together. In this article, we review an emerging stream of research that examines the ways in which viewing options sequentially as opposed to simultaneously influences people’s decisions. Multiple studies support the idea that viewing options simultaneously encourages people to compare the options and to focus on the ways in which the options differ from each other. In contrast, viewing options sequentially encourages people to process each option holistically by comparing the option with previously encountered options or a subjective reference point. Integrating research from judgment and decision making, consumer behavior, experimental economics, and eyewitness identification, we identify ways in which the different processing styles elicited by sequential- and simultaneous-presentation formats influence people’s judgment and decision making. This issue is particularly important because presenting options either sequentially or simultaneously is a key element of choice architecture.

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