The Newcastle scales (NCS) for the distinction between endogenous and reactive depression

Short-term group therapy, using social group work, was utilized to treat the psychosocial problems of two groups of elderly low-vision clients and one group of young adult clients with low vision (N = 24). Group members showed psychosocial movement in three phases: shock, reactive depression, and readjustment. Evaluations measured the change in attitudes before and after group therapy. At the end of therapy, 17 persons, compared to none before the therapy, were at the point of self-acceptance and readjustment. Clinical examples illustrate the interplay of intrapsychic and group-experience factors leading to readjustment.

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Reactive depression

British Homeopathic Journal ◽

10.1016/s0007-0785(78)80050-7 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 67 (04) ◽

pp. 254-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael H. Bott

Keyword(s):

Reactive Depression

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Fire-Setting Behavior in Individuals With Klinefelter Syndrome

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.82.1.115 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 115-117

Author(s):

MARVIN E. MILLER ◽

STEPHEN SULKES

Keyword(s):

Criminal Behavior ◽

Sex Chromosome ◽

Klinefelter Syndrome ◽

Mental Deficiency ◽

The Other ◽

Sexual Deviation ◽

Reactive Depression ◽

Y Chromosomes ◽

Psychiatric Problems ◽

Chromosome Disorder

Klinefelter syndrome is a sex chromosome disorder with an incidence of approximately two per 1,000 male newborns.1 Eighty percent of individuals with Klinefelter syndrome are 47,XXY, whereas the other 20% have a variant sex chromosomal constitution with additional supernumerary X or Y chromosomes (ie, 48,XXXY, 48XXYY) or are mosaic.2 Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome have small testes which usually cannot produce sperm or normal amounts of testosterone. The results of this are infertility and undermasculinization. Behavioral and psychiatric problems are also common in individuals with Klinefelter syndrome and include personality disorder, reactive depression, schizophrenia, mental deficiency, sexual deviation, criminal behavior, and alcoholism.3

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Basic concepts of depression

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience ◽

10.31887/dcns.2008.10.3/espaykel ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 279-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Affective Disorders ◽

Life Stress ◽

Endogenous Depression ◽

Modern Concept ◽

Reactive Depression ◽

The Core ◽

Broad Concept ◽

Basic Concepts ◽

The 1960S

This paper reviews concepts of depression, including history and classification. The original broad concept of melancholia included all forms of quiet insanity. The term depression began to appear in the nineteenth century, as did the modern concept of affective disorders, with the core disturbance now viewed as one of mood. The 1980s saw the introduction of defined criteria into official diagnostic schemes. The modern separation into unipolar and bipolar disorder was introduced following empirical research by Angst and Perris in the 1960s. The partially overlapping distinctions between psychotic and neurotic depression, and between endogenous and reactive depression, started to generate debate in the 1920s, with considerable multivariate research in the 1960s. The symptom element in endogenous depression currently survives in melancholia or somatic syndrome. Life stress is common in various depressive pictures. Dysthymia, a valuable diagnosis, represents a form of what was regarded earlier as neurotic depression. Other subtypes are also discussed.

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Primary non-endogenous depression and features attributed to reactive depression

Journal of Affective Disorders ◽

10.1016/0165-0327(81)90026-4 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 245-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

S. Benjaminsen

Keyword(s):

Endogenous Depression ◽

Reactive Depression

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Reactive depression in later life.

10.1037/11129-012 ◽

2006 ◽

pp. 144-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Karl Stern

Keyword(s):

Later Life ◽

Reactive Depression

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Constructs for a Theory of Reactive Depression.

10.1037/11191-015 ◽

2006 ◽

pp. 159-178

Author(s):

Irving L. Janis

Keyword(s):

Reactive Depression

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Effects of Learned Helplessness on Rorschach Responses

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1987.60.3.1011 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 1011-1016 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ronald H. Rozensky ◽

Steven M. Tovian ◽

Paul G. Stiles ◽

Kim Fridkin ◽

Meg Holland

Keyword(s):

Undergraduate Students ◽

Learned Helplessness ◽

Affective State ◽

Comprehensive System ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Laboratory Experience ◽

Reactive Depression ◽

Exner Comprehensive System ◽

Student’S T ◽

The Relationship

The present study investigated the relationship between the laboratory experience of learned helplessness and depressive responses on the Rorschach. 50 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to either a learned-helplessness or nonlearned-helplessness condition. After completion of the experimental conditions, subjects were administered Rorschachs which were scored utilizing the Exner Comprehensive System. Student's t tests indicated significantly higher scores on the sum of all responses involving the use of shading and achromatic features (right-side eb) for the learned-helplessness subjects. According to Rorschach theory, these results suggest that subjects in a learned-helplessness condition experience a more painful affective state and tend to withdraw from their environment more than subjects experiencing a nonlearned-helplessness condition. This can be seen as a defense against experiencing more stress. These conclusions are discussed in the context of learned helplessness and reactive depression.

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