Learned fear and innate anxiety in rodents and their relevance to human anxiety disorders

2011 ◽  
pp. 180-191
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Gordon ◽  
Avishek Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Learned Fear ◽  
Innate Anxiety

scholarly journals Different forms of fear extinction are supported by distinct cortical substrates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda P. P. Lay ◽  
Audrey Pitaru ◽  
Nathan Boulianne ◽  
Guillem R. Esber ◽  
Mihaela D. Iordanova
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Aversive Event ◽  
Infralimbic Cortex ◽  
Fear Reduction ◽  
Aversive Events ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Learned Fear ◽  
Level Of Analysis ◽  
Made In

Understanding how learned fear can be reduced is at the heart of treatments for anxiety disorders. Tremendous progress has been made in this regard through extinction training in which an expected aversive outcome is omitted. However, current progress almost entirely rests on this single paradigm, resulting in a very specialized knowledgebase at the behavioural and neural level of analysis. Here, we used a paradigm-independent approach to show that different methods that lead to reduction in learned fear are dissociated in the cortex. We report that the infralimbic cortex has a very specific role in fear reduction that depends on the omission of aversive events but not on overexpectation. The orbitofrontal cortex, a structure generally overlooked in fear, is critical for downregulating fear when fear is inflated or overexpected, but not when an aversive event is omitted.

scholarly journals Prefrontal entrainment of amygdala activity signals safety in learned fear and innate anxiety

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Likhtik ◽  
Joseph M Stujenske ◽  
Mihir A Topiwala ◽  
Alexander Z Harris ◽  
Joshua A Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Amygdala Activity ◽  
Learned Fear ◽  
Innate Anxiety

scholarly journals Gut Vagal Afferents Differentially Modulate Innate Anxiety and Learned Fear

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (21) ◽  
pp. 7067-7076 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Klarer ◽  
M. Arnold ◽  
L. Gunther ◽  
C. Winter ◽  
W. Langhans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Learned Fear ◽  
Innate Anxiety

scholarly journals Different methods of fear reduction are supported by distinct cortical substrates

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda PP Lay ◽  
Audrey A Pitaru ◽  
Nathan Boulianne ◽  
Guillem R Esber ◽  
Mihaela D Iordanova
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Aversive Event ◽  
Infralimbic Cortex ◽  
Fear Reduction ◽  
Aversive Events ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Learned Fear ◽  
Level Of Analysis ◽  
Made In

Understanding how learned fear can be reduced is at the heart of treatments for anxiety disorders. Tremendous progress has been made in this regard through extinction training in which the aversive outcome is omitted. However, current progress almost entirely rests on this single paradigm, resulting in a very specialized knowledgebase at the behavioural and neural level of analysis. Here, we used a dual-paradigm approach to show that different methods that lead to reduction in learned fear in rats are dissociated in the cortex. We report that the infralimbic cortex has a very specific role in fear reduction that depends on the omission of aversive events but not on overexpectation. The orbitofrontal cortex, a structure generally overlooked in fear, is critical for downregulating fear when novel predictions about upcoming aversive events are generated, such as when fear is inflated or overexpected, but less so when an expected aversive event is omitted.

Test-Retest Reliability of a Self-Report Questionnaire for DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Disorders

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Ottosson ◽  
Martin Grann ◽  
Gunnar Kullgren
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Summary: Short-term stability or test-retest reliability of self-reported personality traits is likely to be biased if the respondent is affected by a depressive or anxiety state. However, in some studies, DSM-oriented self-reported instruments have proved to be reasonably stable in the short term, regardless of co-occurring depressive or anxiety disorders. In the present study, we examined the short-term test-retest reliability of a new self-report questionnaire for personality disorder diagnosis (DIP-Q) on a clinical sample of 30 individuals, having either a depressive, an anxiety, or no axis-I disorder. Test-retest scorings from subjects with depressive disorders were mostly unstable, with a significant change in fulfilled criteria between entry and retest for three out of ten personality disorders: borderline, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Scorings from subjects with anxiety disorders were unstable only for cluster C and dependent personality disorder items. In the absence of co-morbid depressive or anxiety disorders, mean dimensional scores of DIP-Q showed no significant differences between entry and retest. Overall, the effect from state on trait scorings was moderate, and it is concluded that test-retest reliability for DIP-Q is acceptable.

Effects of an Anxiety-Specific Psychometric Factor on Fear Conditioning and Fear Generalization

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Baumann ◽  
Miriam A. Schiele ◽  
Martin J. Herrmann ◽  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Peter Zwanzger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
High Anxious ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Fear Generalization

Abstract. Conditioning and generalization of fear are assumed to play central roles in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Here we investigate the influence of a psychometric anxiety-specific factor on these two processes, thus try to identify a potential risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. To this end, 126 healthy participants were examined with questionnaires assessing symptoms of anxiety and depression and with a fear conditioning and generalization paradigm. A principal component analysis of the questionnaire data identified two factors representing the constructs anxiety and depression. Variations in fear conditioning and fear generalization were solely associated with the anxiety factor characterized by anxiety sensitivity and agoraphobic cognitions; high-anxious individuals exhibited stronger fear responses (arousal) during conditioning and stronger generalization effects for valence and UCS-expectancy ratings. Thus, the revealed psychometric factor “anxiety” was associated with enhanced fear generalization, an assumed risk factor for anxiety disorders. These results ask for replication with a longitudinal design allowing to examine their predictive validity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document