Dr Livingstone, I Presume?

Episteme ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Pascal Engel
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Attitude ◽  
Practical Inference ◽  
Legal Model ◽  
Epistemic Attitudes

Abstract Presumption is often discussed in law, less often in epistemology. Is it an attitude? If so where can we locate it within the taxonomy of epistemic attitudes? Is it a kind of belief, a judgment, an assumption or a supposition? Or is it a species of inference? There are two basic models of presumption: judgmental, as a kind of judgment, and legal, taken from the use of presumptions in law. The legal model suggests that presumption is a practical inference, whereas the judgmental model suggests that presumption is an epistemic attitude. I argue that presumption is neither a practical inference nor a merely epistemic attitude: it involves both, within the category of what we may call the inquiring attitudes.

scholarly journals Pragmática, modo y condicionales

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (52) ◽  
pp. 41-59
Author(s):  
Eduardo Bustos Guadaño
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Epistemic Attitude ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Communicative Context ◽  
Epistemic Attitudes

In contrast with the logico-semantical analyses of conditional (Stalnaker, 1968; Lewis, 1973; Pollock, 1976), it is claimed in this paper that it is not possible to give a sound interpretation to such sentential structures if pragmatic factors are not taken into account. In particular, determinants in the assigment of meaning to any such type of conditional are the epistemic attitude of the speaker towards the protasis, and the nature of the communicative context at the time of the utterance. On the other hand, it is argued that the inferential relations of these conditionals, have their origin in the conventional procedures which the expression of epistemic attitudes follow and which underlie all the conditional, indicative and subjunctive structures in Spanish.

Investigating judge as a new figure in the Kyrgyz Republic criminal procedure

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
Sof'ya Shestakova ◽  
Uulzhan Imanalieva
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Trial Procedure ◽  
Judicial Control ◽  
Legal Model ◽  
Integral Element ◽  
The Right ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
Former Soviet Republics

The article iis devoted to the research of the institution of investigative judge introduced into the criminal procedure of the Kyrgyz Republic in 2019. The authors analyze the conceptual foundations of this institution, its procedural significance, as well as the legal model under Kyrgyz legislation in its comparative perspective with the legislation of Germany and some former Soviet republics. Two main achievements: the organizational and functional isolation of an investigating judge during the criminal procedure and granting them the power of deposition are seen by the authors as advantages of the Kyrgyz model of the institution of an investigative judge. The former is aimed at guaranteeing the objectivity, impartiality and neutrality of the judge considering the case on the merits, who is discharged judicial control in pre-trial procedure nowadays. The latter is aimed at implementing for the prosecution and defense the right to be equal parties of procedural opportunities to participate in evidence as an integral element of the adversarial principle.

Reversing Financialization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Deakin
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Corporate Strategy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Employee Voice ◽  
Board Structure ◽  
Shareholder Primacy ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Legal Model ◽  
Legislative Framework

The debate over corporate governance is skewed by the common misunderstanding that shareholders are the owners of companies, and are entitled to have them run in their interest. The legal model of the firm is more nuanced, seeing the corporation as a complex entity characterized by co-operation between the suppliers of capital and labour, with a co-ordinating role for management. The elevation of shareholder primacy as a focal point for corporate strategy over recent decades is the result of government deferring to financial interests in the making of rules governing takeovers and board structure. Reversing financialization, and the negative impact it is having on social cohesion and innovation, will require a new legislative framework for corporate governance, with a greater role for employee voice and a reorientation of investment priorities.

scholarly journals Balanced Sparsity for Efficient DNN Inference on GPU

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 5676-5683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuliang Yao ◽  
Shijie Cao ◽  
Wencong Xiao ◽  
Chen Zhang ◽  
Lanshun Nie
Keyword(s):  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Efficient Computation ◽  
Model Accuracy ◽  
Sparse Model ◽  
Model Inference ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Practical Inference ◽  
Speed Up

In trained deep neural networks, unstructured pruning can reduce redundant weights to lower storage cost. However, it requires the customization of hardwares to speed up practical inference. Another trend accelerates sparse model inference on general-purpose hardwares by adopting coarse-grained sparsity to prune or regularize consecutive weights for efficient computation. But this method often sacrifices model accuracy. In this paper, we propose a novel fine-grained sparsity approach, Balanced Sparsity, to achieve high model accuracy with commercial hardwares efficiently. Our approach adapts to high parallelism property of GPU, showing incredible potential for sparsity in the widely deployment of deep learning services. Experiment results show that Balanced Sparsity achieves up to 3.1x practical speedup for model inference on GPU, while retains the same high model accuracy as finegrained sparsity.

Psychoanalysis and the Practical Inference Mode

1978 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Thomas Donaldson ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Practical Inference

scholarly journals The Impact of the Church–State Model for an Effective Guarantee of Religious Freedom: A Study of the Peruvian Experience during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Laws ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Susana Mosquera
Keyword(s):  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Legal Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Institutional Guarantee ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Individual Dimension ◽  
The Church

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments established important restrictions on religious freedom. Due to a restrictive interpretation of the right to religious freedom, religion was placed in the category of “non-essential activity” and was, therefore, unprotected. Within this framework, this paper tries to offer a reflection on the relevance of the dual nature of religious freedom as an individual and collective right, since the current crisis has made it clear that the individual dimension of religious freedom is vulnerable when the legal model does not offer an adequate institutional guarantee to the collective dimension of religious freedom.

A Global Socio-economic-medico-legal Model for the Sustainability of Longitudinal Electronic Health Records

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (03) ◽  
pp. 240-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Shabo
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Health Records ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Healthcare Organizations ◽  
Health Records ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Legal Model ◽  
Electronic Health

Summary Objectives: This paper pursues the challenge of sustaining lifetime electronic health records (EHRs) based on a comprehensive socio-economic-medico-legal model. The notion of a lifetime EHR extends the emerging concept of a longitudinal and cross-institutional EHR and is invaluable information for increasing patient safety and quality of care. Methods: The challenge is how to compile and sustain a coherent EHR across the lifetime of an individual. Several existing and hypothetical models are described, analyzed and compared in an attempt to suggest a preferred approach. Results: The vision is that lifetime EHRs should be sustained by new players in the healthcare arena, who will function as independent health record banks (IHRBs). Multiple competing IHRBs would be established and regulated following preemptive legislation. They should be neither owned by healthcare providers nor by health insurer/payers or government agencies. The new legislation should also stipulate that the records located in these banks be considered the medico-legal copies of an individual’s records, and that healthcare providers no longer serve as the legal record keepers. Conclusions: The proposed model is not centered on any of the current players in the field; instead, it is focussed on the objective service of sustaining individual EHRs, much like financial banks maintain and manage financial assets. This revolutionary structure provides two main benefits: 1) Healthcare organizations will be able to cut the costs of long-term record keeping, and 2) healthcare providers will be able to provide better care based on the availability of a lifelong EHR of their new patients.

Epistemic modality in French children's discourse:to be sureornot to be sure?

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Bassano ◽  
Maya Hickmann ◽  
Christian Champaud
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
Verbal Interactions ◽  
Epistemic Attitude ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
Subsequent Interview ◽  
Target Speaker ◽  
Children’S Conceptions

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the development of epistemic modality, with particular attention to how French children evaluate the conditions of use for modal expressions marking certainty and uncertainty. Sixty children aged four, six and eight were shown films involving verbal interactions in which a target speaker accused another of having performed a deed. The analysis examine children's responses during a subsequent interview in which they were asked to attribute an epistemic attitude of certainty/uncertainty to the target speaker as a function of three factors: (a) whether he had witnessed the deed; (b) whether his accusation was modalized by the verbcroire(‘think/believe’); and (c) whether the accusation was true or false. The results show that the four-and six-year-olds attribute certainty more often than the eight-year-olds. This dissymmetry is accompanied by a developmental progression in children's conceptions of these modal categories, which change from a ‘realistic’ conception (mainly based on truth/falsity) at four years to an increasingly metalinguistic and relativized conception thereafter.

Practical Steps and Reasons for Action

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Clark
Keyword(s):  
Reasons For Action ◽  
Reasons For Belief ◽  
The Real ◽  
General Characterization ◽  
Practical Inference

There is an idea, going back to Aristotle, that reasons for action can be understood on a parallel with reasons for belief. Not surprisingly, the idea has almost always led to some form of inferentialism about reasons for action. In this paper I argue that reasons for action can be understood on a parallel with reasons for belief, but that this requires abandoning inferentialism about reasons for action. This result will be thought paradoxical. It is generally assumed that if there is to be a useful parallel, there must be some such thing as a practical inference. As we shall see, that assumption tends to block the fruitful exploration of the real parallel. On the view I shall defend, the practical analogue of an ordinary inference is not an inference, but something I shall call a practical step. Nevertheless, the practical step will do, for a theory of reasons for action, what ordinary inference does for an inferentialist theory of reasons for belief. The result is a general characterization of reasons, practical and theoretical, in terms of the correctness conditions of the relevant sorts of step.

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