Queer Rumors: Protestant Ministers, Unnatural Deeds, and Church Censure in the Twentieth-Century United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Suzanna Krivulskaya
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sexual Deviance ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
Conservative Protestant ◽  
Conservative Protestantism ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTOver the course of the twentieth century, dozens of conservative Protestant ministers were accused of sexual deviance—including instances of same-sex acts and attractions. Protestant churches, in turn, experimented with employing various tactics to undermine and challenge such accusations. From silencing and secrecy to public censure and disassociation, denominational bodies labored to undermine evidence of queerness among their ministers. This essay surveys a one-hundred-year history of religious groups’ and institutions’ attempts at dealing with the uncomfortable but persistent allegations of not-quite-straightness among their leaders. This story accounts for how conservative Protestantism has been able to maintain its claims to a particular kind of sexual morality even as religious leaders themselves have repeatedly jeopardized this project.

Gay Affections

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard P. Loughlin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Gay Identity ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Gay Identities

This chapter considers how gay identities—and so gay affections—were formed in the course of the twentieth century, building on the late nineteenth-century invention of the ‘homosexual’. It also considers earlier construals of same-sex affections and the people who had them, the soft men and hard women of the first century and the sodomites of the eleventh. It thus sketches a history of continuities and discontinuities, of overlapping identities and emotional possibilities. The chapter resists the assumption that gay identity and experience can be reduced to anything less than the multitude of gay people, and that as Christians they have to give an account of themselves in a way that heterosexual Christians do not. The chapter warns against thinking gay identity undone in Christ.

scholarly journals Shiite clergy among Iranian Masons

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-37
Author(s):  
Z. A. Arabadzhyan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Large Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Constitutional Revolution ◽  
Made In

The article is devoted to the history of the origins and development of Iranian Freemasonry and the Shiite clergy participation in Masonic structures. Since Freemasonry itself has historically been the conductor of liberal ideas in Europe, it would seem that religious figures in Iran, who are in the position of traditionalism, should have been extremely hostile to this trend. However, Iranian experience has shown that this is not so, and a large group of Shiite ulama, including even the most authoritative, at various times entered the local Masonic lodges. The clergy were especially active during the era of the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1911, when they used Masonic lodges and quasi-Masonic structures to fight the absolutist monarchy. Most of its representatives held a leadership positions in these structures and influenced the course of specific historical events and the decisions made. In the second half of the twentieth century the participation of religious leaders in the Masonic lodges of Iran began to weaken. The author also analyzes the rumors about Ayatollah Khomeini’s belonging to Freemasonry in order to determine the degree of their reliability.

Revolution and Religion

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-38
Author(s):  
Xiaoxuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Local Religion ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
Peasant Society ◽  
Social Uncertainty ◽  
The Catholic Church

Under nation-building efforts in the first half of the twentieth century, communal temples became targets of political and military appropriation, which shook the foundations of traditional communal religion in Rui’an and Wenzhou. Yet local religion continued to thrive. Protestant churches, the Catholic Church, traditional salvationist groups, and redemptive societies all grew rapidly, perhaps due in large part to the greater social uncertainty brought about by political turbulence and wars. Since its foundation in the region in the late 1920s, communist forces stayed close to local peasant society, including their religious communities. Before 1949, they both clashed and collaborated with religious groups, depending on the circumstances.

The Deepest Border

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasha D. Pack
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Strait Of Gibraltar ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Regional Order ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Southern Iberia

This book presents the history of southern Iberia and the western Maghrib, and the Strait of Gibraltar between them, as a single bicontinental borderland, from roughly 1850 to 1970. Drawing on primary and secondary sources from several countries, it posits a long historical arc of transformation from a remote and hostile religious frontier into a multilaterally managed regional order. By the nineteenth century, the Strait of Gibraltar was becoming a dynamic focus of imperial positioning, migration, brigandage, and exchange. As a consequence, coastal outposts like Tangier, Gibraltar, and Melilla became centers of an emerging bicontinental society bringing together a kaleidoscope of ethno-religious groups. These developments produced conflict but also drew sovereign powers together to confront common challenges, such as controlling epidemic disease, defeating warlords, and managing borders. Thus, over the course of a century, despite periods of considerable violence, an international order gradually emerged in the western Mediterranean. As European empire withdrew in the late twentieth century, the region did not revert to the hostile frontier of earlier times but inherited the legacy of a relatively stable and resilient regional order. Conceptualizing the borderland in this way provides a single transnational framework to explore connections between Mediterranean geopolitics, colonialism, border formation, smuggling and brigandage, and the civil and international violence of the twentieth century. It also addresses the role of mobility in international relations, the dynamics of Muslim-Jewish relations in the context of European empire, and the ongoing controversies over Gibraltar, Ceuta, and Melilla.

Religion and Dissent in Vietnam

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-152
Author(s):  
Stephen Denney ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
The North ◽  
North Vietnam ◽  
Political Scene

Religions have served various dissident movements in Vietnam. The two indigenous sects--Hoa Hao and Cao Dai--were founded in the early twentieth century and became forces for the anti-colonial, and later anti-communist, movements in Vietnam Catholics and Buddhists played major roles in South Viemam's political scene, while they were both suppressed in the North. Protestant Christians constitute only a small portion of the overall population, but have become linked to nationalist movements among the ethnic minorities of the Highlands. Viemam's communist regime has pursued a heavy-handed policy of anti-religious repression in North Vietnam since 1954, and continued this policy after reunification of the two Viemams in 1975. Capitalist-style economic reforms began in 1986, allowing for more openness in the society, and emboldening religious leaders and other dissidents. However, the regime still cracks down on religious groups and leaders perceived as a political threat to the Communist Party's monopoly of power. With the decline of Marxist-Leninist ideology in society, religions may become alternative repositories of moral values for Vietnam.

Historical Origins of the Personal Belief Exemption to Vaccination Mandates: The View from California

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Conis ◽  
Jonathan Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Personal Belief ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Negotiation

Abstract A number of states, starting with California, have recently removed all non-medical exemptions from their laws requiring vaccinations for schoolchildren. California was also one of the earliest states to include a broad non-medical, or personal, belief exemption in its modern immunization law, which it did with a 1961 law mandating polio vaccination for school enrollment, Assembly Bill 1940 (AB 1940). This paper examines the history of AB 1940’s exemption clause as a case study for shedding light on the little-examined history of the personal belief exemption to vaccination in the United States. This history shows that secular belief exemptions date back further than scholars have allowed. It demonstrates that such exemptions resulted from political negotiation critical to ensuring compulsory vaccination’s political success. It challenges a historiography in which antivaccination groups and their allies led late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century opposition to vaccination mandates while religious groups drove mid-twentieth century opposition. It also complicates the historiographic idea of a return to compulsion in the late 1960s, instead dating this return a decade earlier, to a time when belief exemptions in polio vaccination mandates helped reconcile the goal of a widely vaccinated population with the sacrosanct idea of health as a personal responsibility.

EUGENISTAS E CULTURALISTAS NO ESTUDO DAS RELIGIÕES AFRO-BRASILEIRAS EM PERNAMBUCO / EUGENISTS AND CULTURALISTS IN THE STUDY OF AFRO-BRAZILIAN RELIGIONS IN PERNAMBUCO

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (17) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Zuleica Dantas Pereira Campos
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Black People ◽  
History Of Psychiatry ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theoretical Construction ◽  
Afro Brazilian

Nosso trabalho tem como proposta problematizar o pensamento dos intelectuais que pensaram as religiões afro-brasileiras em Pernambuco na primeira metade do século XX. Dessa forma analisaremos o que fez as religiões de origem africana serem alvo de diferentes formas de relações, com os intelectuais, e que tipos de práticas e de saberes instituídos foram apropriados e reinterpretados por esses grupos religiosos no sentido de vencer resistências e fazer circular suas “práticas”. Os intelectuais são analisados através de duas vertentes: a primeira, formada por médicos psiquiatras que concebiam a questão do negro utilizando-se do aporte teórico eugenista; e a segunda, constituída por sociólogos, jornalistas, romancistas, antropólogos, entre outros, que pensaram essa problemática, numa perspectiva que tentava romper com a construção teórica, trocando o conceito de “raça” pelo de “cultura”.Palavras chave: intelectuais, religiões afro-brasileiras, teorias, história da psiquiatriaAbstractOur work has as proposal to problematize the thoughts of the intellectuals that scrutinized Afro-Brazilian religions in Pernambuco on the first half of the twentieth century. Henceforth we will analyze what made religions of African origin the target of different forms of relations with the intellectuals and what kinds of practices and knowledges were appropriated and reinterpreted by these religious groups in order to overcome resistance and circulate their " Practices. " The intellectuals are analyzed through two aspects: the first, formed by psychiatrists who conceived the question of black people using the eugenist theoretical contribution; and the second, made up of sociologists, journalists, novelists, anthropologists, among others, who thought of this problem, in a perspective that tried to break with the theoretical construction, changing the concept of "race" to "culture".Keywords: Intellectuals, Afro-Brazilian religions, theories, history of psychiatry

Language Onset and Concomitant Speech and Language Problems in Subgroups of Stutterers and Their Siblings

1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin A. Seider ◽  
Keith L. Gladstien ◽  
Kenneth K. Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Negative Family History ◽  
Late Talkers ◽  
Language Problems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Language Onset

Time of language onset and frequencies of speech and language problems were examined in stutterers and their nonstuttering siblings. These families were grouped according to six characteristics of the index stutterer: sex, recovery or persistence of stuttering, and positive or negative family history of stuttering. Stutterers and their nonstuttering same-sex siblings were found to be distributed identically in early, average, and late categories of language onset. Comparisons of six subgroups of stutterers and their respective nonstuttering siblings showed no significant differences in the number of their reported articulation problems. Stutterers who were reported to be late talkers did not differ from their nonstuttering siblings in the frequency of their articulation problems, but these two groups had significantly higher frequencies of articulation problems than did stutterers who were early or average talkers and their siblings.

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