Address of President Wilson on Presenting the Draft of the Covenant of the League of Nations to the Third Plenary Session of Peace Conference at Paris, February 14, 1918

… we must take, so far as we can, a picture of the world into our minds. Is it not a startling circumstance for one thing that the great discoveries of science, that the quiet study of men in laboratories, that the thoughtful developments which have taken place in quiet lecture rooms, have now been turned to the destruction of civilization? … The enemy whom we have just overcome had at its seats of learning some of the principal centres of scientific study and discovery, and used them in order to make destruction sudden and complete; and only the watchful, continuous cooperation of men can see to it that science, as well as armed men, is kept within the harness of civilization.These words were spoken in Paris in January 1919 by Woodrow Wilson, addressing the second Plenary Session of the Peace Conference. Wilson believed he had found a watchdog for civilization in the League of Nations. In this he was sadly mistaken. Science and armed men have indeed been harnessed, but in order to promote and maintain the goals of conflicting polities. Whether in the pursuit of these ends the cause of civilization will yet be served remains, we may hope, an open question.

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The Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the C.P.C.—A New Milestone in China’s Reform

The Modernization of China’s State Governance ◽

10.1007/978-981-10-3370-4_2 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 39-68

Author(s):

Angang Hu ◽

Xiao Tang ◽

Zhusong Yang ◽

Yilong Yan

Keyword(s):

Plenary Session ◽

Central Committee ◽

The Third

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Liberal Rhetoric and Colonial Violence, 1920–1939

The Politics of Mass Violence in the Middle East ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198825036.003.0004 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 54-86

Author(s):

Laura Robson

Keyword(s):

League Of Nations ◽

Political Organization ◽

Ethnic Identities ◽

Colonial Rule ◽

Political Systems ◽

Primary Mode ◽

The Third ◽

Zionist Movement ◽

Colonial Violence ◽

Political Structures

The third chapter looks at the imposition of European colonial rule via the mandates system in the former Arab provinces. It focuses particularly on the League of Nations’ formal legitimization of European colonial rule across the region and Zionist settlement in Palestine, and the subsequent creation and enforcement of new communal and ethnic identities through new colonial legal and political systems across the mandate territories. Though many varieties of nationalist resistance to colonial occupation and mandate authority emerged during this period, the successes of the Zionist movement in Palestine and the ethno-communal legal and political structures of all the mandate states served to encourage the emergence of communally based political organization as a primary mode of anti-colonial resistance.

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NICOLAE TITULESCU: THE LINK BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN SECURITY AND THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY. THE HERITAGE OF A POLITICAL VISION AND CONSTRUCTION.

STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College ◽

10.53477/2668-5094-21-28 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (72) ◽

pp. 390-400

Author(s):

Dumitru PREDA

Keyword(s):

International Security ◽

League Of Nations ◽

Great Powers ◽

It Security ◽

European Security ◽

Multilateral Cooperation ◽

The Third ◽

Peace And Security ◽

Independent States ◽

Political Background

The author evokes Nicolae Titulescu’ personality, thought and actions in favor of strengthening the multilateral cooperation for peace and security during the interwar period.To him – a profound democratic and visionary spirit with a solid legal, philosophical, and political background, and a considerable international experience – the long-lasting Peacemeans nothing if not built on the only foundation suited to support it – Security. But in his view, security has always been closely linked to the manifestation of sovereignty of independent states and national identity. In conclusion, Titulescu’s political stance, his remarkable diplomatic work aiming at setting up a solid European and international security system able to deter the aggressor, bring peace and raise trust among nations, continue to be a stimulative example and an appeal still valid in its fundamental nature for the necessary and constructive steps to be taken in order to give meaning and continuity to our lives in the Third Millennium when we have to face so many crucial existential challenges.Keywords: Nicolae Titulescu, Romania, Europe, Great Powers, Latin America, League of Nations, peace, European and International Security, alliances, The Little Entente, The BalkanPact.

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KUDETA REDAKSIONAL DALAM PROSES LEGISLASI NASIONAL

Jurnal Aktual Justice ◽

10.47329/aktualjustice.v5i2.551 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 162-181

Author(s):

Ni Ketut Wiratny ◽

Ni Luh Putu Geney Sri Kusuma Dewi

Keyword(s):

Final Stage ◽

Plenary Session ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Legislative Process ◽

Constitutional Court ◽

Special Committee ◽

Material Defects ◽

The Third ◽

The Government ◽

The Right

It is undeniable that there are problems in the legislative process in Indonesia, one of which is tampering with articles or editorial coups. In fact, this illegal practice can occur in three conditions. First, it occurs in the draft produced by a special committee or commission before it is brought to the plenary session of the DPR. The second occurred after the DPR plenary session. The third is the most difficult to control, if an editorial coup is carried out by the government before it is passed by the president, then it is promulgated in the State Gazette. At this stage, when the bill is in the hands of the government, the DPR finds it difficult to check. Given that this is the final stage, the possibility of a new editorial coup has been traced after it was implemented. As a product that is agreed upon in the highest forum (plenary session) and is the result of joint legislative-executive agreement, the slightest change made is haram. This research is a normative juridical research by conducting literature studies and analyzing secondary data. The results of this study indicate that if it is true that there is an editorial coup in the legislative process, the legal product has formal and material defects which can be canceled through the right to test exercised by the Constitutional Court.

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Peaceful Change in Western Europe: From Balance of Power to Political Community?

The Oxford Handbook of Peaceful Change in International Relations ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190097356.013.43 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Anders Wivel

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

Western Europe ◽

Balance Of Power ◽

League Of Nations ◽

Political Community ◽

The Third ◽

Liberal Democratic ◽

Normative Power Europe ◽

The Cold War ◽

International Anarchy

This chapter traces three different conceptions of peaceful change in Western Europe since 1945 and discusses their implications for understanding peaceful change in that region today. The first is Hobbesian. Corresponding to a largely realist understanding, Hobbesians view peaceful change in Western Europe as a byproduct of balancing and hegemony in the Cold War. The second is Lockean. Corresponding to a largely liberal understanding of peaceful change, the Lockean perspective views such change in the region as the product of liberal democratic states responding rationally to the challenges of international anarchy by institutionalizing the region. The third is Kantian. Corresponding to a largely constructivist understanding, Kantians view peaceful change in Europe as the construction of a civil league of nations exercising “normative power Europe” inside and outside the region.

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