Principles and Modes of Distillation in Desalination Process

Distillation has been a very important separation technique used over many centuries. This technique is diverse and applicable in different fields and for different substances. Distillation is important in the desalination section. Various principles are used in desalting seawater and brackish water to fulfill the demands of freshwater. This work explains the modes and principles of distillation in desalination, their types, present improvement, challenges, and limitations as well as possible future improvements. The first and primary mode of distillation is the passive type. As times went by and the demand for freshwater kept increasing, other modes were introduced and these modes fall under the active distillation type. However, each mode has its own advantages, disadvantages, and limitations over each other. The principles and modes of distillation are as significant as understanding the energy sources needed for distillation. Hence, they are the basic knowledge needed for future innovation in the desalination industries.

Flow driven vesicle unbinding under mechanosensitive adhesion

Ligand receptor based adhesion is the primary mode of interaction of cellular blood constituents with the endothelium. These adhered entities also experience shear flow imposed by the blood which may...

JMM Profile: Vibrio cholerae: an opportunist of human crises

Vibrio cholerae O1 is the aetiological agent of the severe diarrhoeal disease cholera. Annually, there are an estimated 1–4 million cholera cases worldwide and over 140 000 deaths. The primary mode of disease transmission is through the consumption of water or food contaminated with the bacterium. Although cholera patients can be treated effectively using rehydration therapy, the disease remains a major scourge in areas with limited access to clean water and proper sanitation. Its continued prevalence highlights the failure of socioeconomic policies leading to wealth disparities, fragile and dated public infrastructure, and lack of appropriate health surveillance.

Cyanotoxins and the Nervous System

Cyanobacteria are capable of producing a wide range of bioactive compounds with many considered to be toxins. Although there are a number of toxicological outcomes with respect to cyanobacterial exposure, this review aims to examine those which affect the central nervous system (CNS) or have neurotoxicological properties. Such exposures can be acute or chronic, and we detail issues concerning CNS entry, detection and remediation. Exposure can occur through a variety of media but, increasingly, exposure through air via inhalation may have greater significance and requires further investigation. Even though cyanobacterial toxins have traditionally been classified based on their primary mode of toxicity, increasing evidence suggests that some also possess neurotoxic properties and include known cyanotoxins and unknown compounds. Furthermore, chronic long-term exposure to these compounds is increasingly being identified as adversely affecting human health.

Failure Analysis of Railroad Components

Because of the tough engineering environment of the railroad industry, fatigue is a primary mode of failure. The increased competitiveness in the industry has led to increased loads, reducing the safety factor with respect to fatigue life. Therefore, the existence of corrosion pitting and manufacturing defects has become more important. This article presents case histories that are intended as an overview of the unique types of failures encountered in the freight railroad industry. The discussion covers failures of axle journals, bearings, wheels, couplers, rails and rail welds, and track equipment.

Treatment options for locally recurrent vulvar cancer

Summary: Objective: Summarizing of treatment options for locally recurrent vulvar cancer in patients after previous complex oncological treatment and presenting a case report from our department. Methods: Presenting a case report of a patient after previous complex oncological treatment for spinocellular cancer of the vulva who presented with a locally recurrent tumor. The patient was treated with a wide radical local excision of the tumor followed by a posterior thigh fl ap graft. Conclusion: Surgical intervention is the primary mode of treatment in locally recurrent cancers of the vulva. Wide radical local excision as a mode of treatment can be optimized by the use of grafts aiding in wound healing.

Napalm Colonization: Native Peoples in Brazil's Aeronautical Frontiers

This article investigates how aviation shaped Brazilian frontier colonization beginning in the 1940s and how Indigenous peoples came to use aviation for their own purposes. Backed by a technocratic ideology, the Getúlio Vargas regime saw aeronautics as a fix for the state's lack of control over the frontiers. Beginning with its March to the West program, the government used aviation to quickly explore and colonize vast territories previously out of its reach. The military radically transformed this method in the 1960s, using napalm and paratroopers to quickly create outposts and settlements. This article introduces the term aeronautical frontier to define unique regions where flying was the primary mode of transportation. While much of the discourse on Indigenous peoples and aviation has focused on defensive reactions to the incoming airplanes, this article shows how Native Brazilians appropriated the technology for their own means, mastering it for their own use in aeronautical frontiers.

Microlensing survey combining Roman and Euclid Space Telescopes

<p>As the Kepler mission has done for hot exoplanets, the ESA Euclid and NASA Roman missions have the potential to create a breakthrough in our understanding of the demographics of cool exoplanets, including planets on very wide orbits, unbound, or "free-floating", planets (FFPs). Current ground-based microlensing observations have provided preliminary evidence for a potentially significant population of Super-Earth FFPs. Roman will dedicate part of its core survey program to the detection of cool exoplanets via microlensing, while Euclid may undertake a microlensing program as an ancillary science goal. We argue that simultaneous observations of short-duration microlensing events by Roman and Euclid will enable not just the verification of FFPs, but also a direct measurement of their masses, distances and transverse motions, via the detection of microlens parallax between Euclid and Roman. We use simulations of the joint-mission detection capabilities to show that parallax detections will be possible down to Earth-mass FFPs. The mass and phase-space measurements from a joint survey could thus provide strong clues to the primary mode of FFP formation.</p> <p>We also demonstrate that an early brief Euclid survey (∼5 h) of the Roman fields shortly after the Euclid launch would be also very valuable. It would allow the measurement of at least 10% of the events’  relative proper motions and 35% of the lens magnitudes very early on the life of the Roman Survey. We further discuss additional valuable science that will be facilitated by a joint Roman-Euclid microlensing campaign.</p>