scholarly journals Comparative demography of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on deciduous fruit

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194
Author(s):  
Welma Pieterse ◽  
Aruna Manrakhan ◽  
John S. Terblanche ◽  
Pia Addison
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Deciduous Fruit

AbstractBactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) are highly polyphagous fruit fly species and important pests of commercial fruit in regions of the world where they are present. In South Africa, B. dorsalis is now established in the north and northeastern parts of the country. B. dorsalis is currently absent in other parts of the country including the Western Cape Province which is an important area for the production of deciduous fruit. C. capitata is widespread in South Africa and is the dominant pest of deciduous fruit. The demographic parameters of B. dorsalis and C. capitata on four deciduous fruit types Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Prunus domestica L., Malus domestica Borkh. and Pyrus communis L. were studied to aid in predicting the potential population establishment and growth of B. dorsalis in a deciduous fruit growing environment. All deciduous fruit types tested were suitable for population persistence of both B. dorsalis and C. capitata. Development was fastest and survival highest on nectarine for both species. B. dorsalis adults generally lived longer than those of C. capitata, irrespective of the fruit types that they developed from. B. dorsalis had a higher net reproductive rate (Ro) on all deciduous fruit tested compared to C. capitata. However, the intrinsic rate of population increase was estimated to be higher for C. capitata than for B. dorsalis on all fruit types tested primarily due to C. capitata's faster generation time. Provided abiotic conditions are optimal, B. dorsalis would be able to establish and grow in deciduous fruit growing areas.

scholarly journals STATUS OF INFESTATION AND BIOLOGY OF PEPPER FRUIT FLY, Atherigona orientalis (Schiner) (Diptera: Muscidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Febrina Herawani ◽  
Aunu Rauf ◽  
Sugeng Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Pepper Fruit ◽  
The Status

Status of Infestation and Biology of Pepper Fruit Fly, Atherigona orientalis (Schiner) (Diptera: Muscidae). Numerous muscid flies Atherigona orientalis (Schiner) (Diptera: Muscidae) emerged from fruitfly-infested pepper fruits. It is not known whether A. orientalis is primary or secondary pest, and its biology is poorly studied.  Research was conducted with the objectives to determine the status of infestation of A. orientalis on pepper fruits, and to study its biology. Field survey was conducted in pepper fields in Bogor, whereas study on its biology was done in laboratory. Field surveys showed that flies emerged from fruitfly-infested fruits consisted of 86.1% A. orientalis, 4.8% Bactrocera dorsalis, and 9.1% other fly species.  Fruits having only A. orientalis representing 79.7% of the infested fruits. Number of A. orientalis flies emerged per fruit ranged 1-24, with an average of 3.5 individuals. Laboratory study showed incubation period of eggs was 1.62 d, larva development lasted 11.93 d, and pupa 5.08 d.  Longevity of female adult was 32.85 d and male 31.40 d. Number of eggs laid by a single female ranged 12-191, with an average of 83.80. Net reproductive rate R0 =36.052, intrinsic rate of increase rm = 0.136, mean generation time T = 26.482, doubling time Dt = 5.098, and finite rate of increase λ = 1.145. Overall, our research indicated that A. orientalis was a primary pest of pepper fruits, with a high potential of population increase.

Plant Resistance in Some Modern Soybean Varieties May Favor Population Growth and Modify the Stylet Penetration of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricélia F Almeida ◽  
Clébson S Tavares ◽  
Euires O Araújo ◽  
Marcelo C Picanço ◽  
Eugênio E Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Bt Toxin ◽  
Demographic Performance

Abstract Complaints of severe damage by whiteflies in soybean fields containing genetically engineered (GE) varieties led us to investigate the role of transgenic soybean varieties expressing resistance to some insects (Cry1Ac Bt toxin) and to herbicide (glyphosate) on the population growth and feeding behavior of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). In the laboratory, the whiteflies reared on the GE Bt soybeans had a net reproductive rate (R0) 100% higher and intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) 15% higher than those reared on non-GE soybeans. The increased demographic performance was associated with a higher lifetime fecundity. In electrical penetration graphs, the whiteflies reared on the GE soybeans had fewer probes and spent 50% less time before reaching the phloem phase from the beginning of the first successful probe, indicating a higher risk of transmission of whitefly-borne viruses. Data from Neotropical fields showed a higher population density of B. tabaci on two soybean varieties expressing glyphosate resistance and Cry1Ac Bt toxin. These results indicate that some GE soybean varieties expressing insect and herbicide resistances can be more susceptible to whiteflies than non-GE ones or those only expressing herbicide resistance. Most likely, these differences are related to varietal features that increase host-plant susceptibility to whiteflies. Appropriate pest management may be needed to deal with whiteflies in soybean fields, especially in warm regions, and breeders may want to consider the issue when developing new soybean varieties.

Fitness costs associated with thiamethoxam and imidacloprid resistance in three field populations of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) from Florida

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Dong Chen ◽  
Timothy A. Ebert ◽  
Kirsten S. Pelz-Stelinski ◽  
Lukasz L. Stelinski
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Susceptible Populations

AbstractInsecticide resistance is an increasing problem in citrus production. The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphornia citri Kuwayama, is recognized as one of the most important citrus pests worldwide and it has developed resistance in areas where insecticides have been overused. The development of insecticide resistance is often associated with fitness costs that only become apparent in the absence of selection pressure. Here, the fitness costs associated with resistance to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were investigated in three agricultural populations of D. citri as compared with susceptible laboratory colonies. Results showed that all field populations had greater resistance than laboratory susceptible colonies. For both thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, a Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus-positive (CLas+) colony was more susceptible than the CLas− colony. Resistance ratios ranged from 7.65–16.11 for imidacloprid and 26.79–49.09 for thiamethoxam in field populations as compared with a susceptible, CLas− laboratory strain. Among three resistant field populations, a significantly reduced net reproductive rate and finite rate of population increase were observed in a population from Lake Wales, FL as compared to both susceptible strains. The fecundity of field populations from Lake Wales, FL was statistically lower than both laboratory susceptible populations. Certain changes in morphological characteristics were observed among resistant, as compared, with susceptible strains. Our data suggest fitness disadvantages associated with insecticide resistance in D. citri are related to both development and reproduction. The lower fitness of D. citri populations that exhibit resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides should promote recovery of sensitivity when those populations are no longer exposed to thiamethoxam and/or imidacloprid in the field. The results are congruent with a strategy of insecticide rotation for resistance management.

scholarly journals Preharvest Detection and Postharvest Incidence of Phlyctema vagabunda on ‘Cripps Pink’ Apples in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 841-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alana Den Breeyen ◽  
Jessica Rochefort ◽  
Andre Russouw ◽  
Julia Meitz-Hopkins ◽  
Cheryl L. Lennox
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Detection Tool ◽  
Fruit Growing

Phlyctema vagabunda is responsible for significant postharvest losses in ‘Cripps Pink’ apples in South Africa. The first objective of this study was to determine the presence and incidence of P. vagabunda on stored commercial ‘Cripps Pink’ apple in five major pome fruit growing regions in the Western Cape. As the fungus remains latent until postharvest, the second objective was to develop a rapid molecular detection tool to determine the presence of P. vagabunda on asymptomatic ‘Cripps Pink’ apples from two commercial orchards. Postharvest disease incidence in ‘Cripps Pink’ apples in the Western Cape ranged from 0 to 73% in the 2010/2011, 0 to 6% in 2011/2012, and 0 to 30% in 2012/2013 seasons. P. vagabunda spores were also detected on ‘Cripps Pink’ fruit from December to February and from March to April. In December and January, P. vagabunda spores were detected on the ‘Hillieri’ crab apple pollinator. The knowledge that P. vagabunda conidia are present on the surface of ‘Cripps Pink’ apples and ‘Hillieri’ crab apples during the growing season could be applied to improving current management practices in the orchards.

Using two-sex life tables to determine fitness parameters of four Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) reared on a semi-artificial diet

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jaleel ◽  
J. Yin ◽  
D. Wang ◽  
Y. He ◽  
L. Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Bactrocera Correcta ◽  
Rate Of Increase

AbstractFruit flies in the genus Bactrocera are global, economically important pests of agricultural food crops. However, basic life history information about these pests, which is vital for designing more effective control methods, is currently lacking. Artificial diets can be used as a suitable replacement for natural host plants for rearing fruit flies under laboratory conditions, and this study reports on the two-sex life-table parameters of four Bactrocera species (Bactrocera correcta, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera cucurbitae, and Bactrocera tau) reared on a semi-artificial diet comprising corn flour, banana, sodium benzoate, yeast, sucrose, winding paper, hydrochloric acid and water. The results indicated that the larval development period of B. correcta (6.81 ± 0.65 days) was significantly longer than those of the other species. The fecundity of B. dorsalis (593.60 eggs female−1) was highest among the four species. There were no differences in intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) among the four species. The gross reproductive rate (GRR) and net reproductive rate (R0) of B. dorsalis were higher than those of the other species, and the mean generation time (T) of B. cucurbitae (42.08 ± 1.21 h) was longer than that of the other species. We conclude that the semi-artificial diet was most suitable for rearing B. dorsalis, due to its shorter development time and higher fecundity. These results will be useful for future studies of fruit fly management.

Oviposition by the banded fruit weevil, Phlyctinus callosus (Schoenherr) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in deciduous fruit orchards in South Africa

1989 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Barnes ◽  
K. L. Pringle
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Dispersion Pattern ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Deciduous Fruit ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Oviposition Sites

AbstractOviposition sites of Phlyctinus callosus (Schoenherr) in an apple and a nectarine orchard in the South Western Cape, South Africa, were investigated. No eggs were found on the fruit trees, only in different fractions of the orchard floor, viz. in orchard weeds, leaf litter and soil. Significantly more oviposition took place in plant material on the orchard floor than in the top 20 mm of the soil. Microscopic dissection of samples of such plant material revealed that females prefer to oviposit in confined or hollow spaces in moist, live or decaying plant tissue on the soil surface or in weeds comprising the cover-crop. P. callosus females favoured certain weeds above others for oviposition. The dispersion pattern of eggs in the cover-crop was contagious. The implications of the observed ovipostion behaviour in terms of control strategy, and for exploitation in a monitoring system for this species, are discussed.

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