EFFECT OF HOST-LARVAL DIET ON THE HOST ACCEPTANCE AND HOST SUITABILITY OF THE EGG PARASITOID Telenomus remus NIXON (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) ON Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Effect of host-larval diet on the host acceptance and host suitability of the egg parasitoid Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The life history of parasitoids is an important factor that can determine their ability to attack a host. The type of food consumed by the host can affect the ability of parasitoids such as host searching behavior, host suitability and host acceptance. In this research, we evaluate the effect of the S. frugiperda larvae diet on its suitability of the eggs produced by the adults for the egg parasitoid Telenomus remus. The research was studied on two types of egg masses of S. frugiperda that obtained from the moths that fed with natural or artificial diet during their larval stages. Parasitoid was reared from both types of hosts. An egg mass consisting of 50 S. frugiperda eggs from both types of hosts was exposed to one egg parasitoid female for 24 hours. S. frugiperda eggs then were reared until the parasitoid adult emerged. Each experiment was repeated 20 times. Host acceptance was observed through the host parasitism rate and its parasitization. Meanwhile, the host suitability was observed through the sex ratio of the emerging parasitoids. The results showed that S. frugiperda eggs reared using artificial diet had a higher parasitism rate (99.33%) than those of natural diet (82.53%). In contrast, the level of parasitization of S. frugiperda eggs reared using natural diet was higher (78.30%) than those of artificial diet (48.34%) because the number of emerging T. remus from S. frugiperda eggs reared using natural diet was also higher than those of artificial diet. However, the sex ratio (F:M) of emerging T. remus from S. frugiperda eggs reared using both of diet was female biased.

DIVERSITY OF FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) ATTRACTED BY ME LURE IN CSC-BG GERMPLASM CARAMBOLA PLANTATION

Diversity of fruit flies (Diptera: tephritidae) attracted by me lure in CSG-BG germplasm carambolae plantation. Germplasm Garden (KPN) Cibinong Science Center-Botanical Garden (CSC-BG) is one of the gardens that conserve and utilizes Indonesian local germplasm, one of which is carambolae. The current problem in KPN is the attack of fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.). This study was conducted to determine the diversity of fruit flies in the KPN carambola plantation area. A total of eight traps were placed randomly in the plantation area. Each trap contained 1 mL of methyl eugenol pheromone solution. Identification of fruit flies was carried out based on three morphological differences, they were wings, abdomen, and hind legs. There were 317 fruit flies collected and separated into three species, namely Bactrocera carambolae, B. papayae, dan B. umbrosa, of which B. carambolae had a dominance index of 0.74 and abundance index of 85%. Data on the types of fruit flies can be used as primary data to determine the preparation of pest prevention efforts.

RESPONSE OF SIX CHILI VARIETIES TO ANTHRACNOSE DISEASE CAUSED BY Colletotrichum acutatum AND C. gloeosporiodes

Response of six chili varieties to anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporiodes. Chili is one of the horticultural commodities with high economic value. Chili production is constrained by anthracnose diseases. Losses due to anthracnose can reduce the fruits quality and yields lose. This study aims to determine the resistance of several chili varieties to anthracnose. Genetic material was used six varieties of chili. Ripe chilies were inoculated with two types of Colletotrichum isolates, i.e. C. acutatum and C. gleosporides. The experiment was arranged in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The first factor were chili varieties: Laris, SSP, Habanero, Cibinong, Ekasari, and Kopay. The second factor was two types of fungal isolates. Observations were made on the incidence and severity of disease due to anthracnose. The results showed that both fungal isolates were effective in causing anthracnose disease in chilies. Habanero was very susceptible to anthracnose. Laris and Ekasari were moderately resistant to anthracnose diseases. These findings are important to develop new Capsicum cultivars that are more adaptive to anthracnose disease.

DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF NEMATODES IN GUAVA (Psidium guajava L.) CULTIVATION IN LAMPUNG

Diversity and abundance of nematodes in guava (Psidium guajava L.) cultivation in Lampung. Crystal guava agroecosystem is inhabited by many species of plant parasitic nematodes. However, information regarding this topic was still limited. This study aimed to understand the species dominancy of nematodes in crystal guava cultivation in Lampung. Sampling was carried out in three locations of guava crystal plantations: Lampung Timur, Lampung Tengah, and Tanggamus. The laboratory analysis was done at the Plant Pest Science Laboratory and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Universitas Lampung. The study was conducted in December 2019 – July 2020. Nematodes were identified to the level of the genus. The Prominance value (PV) was used to assess the nematodes genus dominancy. The results showed that the nematodes inhabiting the crystal guava agro-ecosystem in Lampung was both plant parasitic and free-living nematodes. The plant parasitic nematodes were identified as Meloidogyne, Aphelenchus, Hemicriconemoides, Tylenchus, Aphelenchoides, and Xiphinema, while free-living nematodes was Rhabditis, Dorylaimine, Dorylaimus, and Mononchus. The dominant plant parasitic nematode was Meloidogyne and the dominant free-living nematode was Rhabditis. The abundance of Meloidogyne /300 mL of soil was 351.47 individuals in Lampung Timur, 124.27 individuals in Lampung Tengah, and 82.18 individuals in Tanggamus. The dominant free-living nematode in the three locations was Rhabditis.

RAPID SCREENING OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC Erwinia sp. OF TWO POTATO VARIETIES (SPUNTA AND DESIREE) FROM ALGERIAN AGRICULTURAL FIELDS

Rapid screening of phytopathogenic Erwinia sp. of two potato varieties (Spunta and Desiree) from Algerian agricultural fileds. Isolation, phenotypic identification and in vitro phytopathogenicity screening of Erwinia sp. from agricultural field of two potato varieties (Spunta and Desiree) in Algeria. The current study aims to isolate, identify and screen phytopathogenic isolates of Erwinia sp. causing potato diseases. The techniques presented in this study for isolation and characterization of phytopathogenic Erwinia sp. are conventional methods that are used in this field of research. Seven phytopathogenic bacteria were recovered from potato tubers of two varieties (Spunta and Desiree). The phenotypic identification allowed characterizing typical colonies of Erwinia sp. on two semi-selective media: King’s B and TCC media. Erwinia sp. formed characteristic colonies on King’s B medium that were round, convex and representing creamy color. While, Erwinia sp. also developed specific colonies on TCC medium which were pale purple, circular, convex, even bulging; smooth and mucous. In vitro phytopathogenicity test on potato slices lead to screen the phytopathogenic isolate E5 characterized by highest rotten tissue zone of (2.33 ± 0.29 cm) and (2.33 ± 0.58 cm) toward Spunta and Desiree varieties, respectively. Followed, by isolate E4 characterized by rotten tissue zone of (1.83 ± 0.58 cm) and (2.17 ± 0.29 cm) toward Spunta and Desiree varieties, respectively; compared to their corresponding uninfected controls. The RTZ (Rotten tissue zone) evidently is proportional to the specific pathogenicity of Erwinia sp. isolates and the characteristic sensitivity of various varieties (Spunta and Desiree). Thus, make determining RTZ a rapid screening technique for the selection of the highest phytopathogenic isolates. This investigation provides valuable information for rapid screening (infected potato tuber) and characterization (isolation using semi-selective media) of pathogenic Erwinia sp. engendering potato disease compared to existing methods like infection of leaves or plants; and phytopathogenic Erwinia sp. identification through PCR amplification or in situ hybridation.

NATURAL INFECTION OF Tobacco mosaic virus ON BUTTERNUT SQUASH IN BALI, INDONESIA

Natural infection of Tobacco mosaic virus on butternut squash in Bali, Indonesia. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was a newly emerging virus infecting cucumbers in Indonesia since 2017. The mosaic disease caused by TMV potentially caused yield loss cucumber in Java. In 2019, mosaic symptoms were observed in butternut squash plants in Bali and molecular detection using universal primer of Tobamovirus indicated the presence of TMV infection. Further research was conducted to determine molecular characteristics of TMV on butternut squash plants in Bali. Specific DNA bands of Tobamovirus were amplified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method, followed by DNA sequencing. The DNA were successfully amplified from CP Tobamovirus using universal primers from several butternut squash samples, i.e. Denpasar, Gianyar, Buleleng, and Karangasem Districts. The homology analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of TMV among isolates from Denpasar, Gianyar, Buleleng, and Karangasem Districts was ranged between 95.6 – 97.7% and 98.1 – 99.4%, respectively. This indicated that low genetic diversity of TMV among Bali isolates. The highest homology of corresponding sequences of TMV isolates from Denpasar, Gianyar, Buleleng, and Karangasem Districts was closely related to TMV Kediri-Indonesia isolate on cucumber plant. Correspondingly, the phylogenetic analysis showed that TMV Bali isolates were categorized into same cluster with Kediri-Indonesia isolates. This was the first report of TMV on butternut squash in Indonesia.

COGONGRASS ROOT EXTRACT FROM FIVE DIFFERENT SOILS TYPES FOR SUPPRESSING PURPLE BLOTCH AND INCREASING GROWTH AND YIELD OF SHALLOTS

Cogongrass root extract from five different soils types for suppressing purple blotch and increasing growth and yield of shallots. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) root extracts from five different soil types (Typic Udipsamments, Aeric Endoaqualfs (=Gleisal Eutrik), Typic Quartzipsamments (=Regosol Eutrik), Aquertic Chromic Hapludalfs, and Pachic Hapludolls) in suppressing purple blotch and increasing growth and yield of shallots. Split plot design was used with 13 treatments repeated three times, and 18 plants plot-1. The treatments consisted of control, fungicide propineb applied before and after inoculation, and five types of cogongrass root extract 50, 60, and 70% concentration applied before and after inoculation. Results showed that cogongrass root extract collected from Pachic Hapludolls which was applied before inoculation had significant effect on the highest pathosystem component indicated by delaying the incubation period, suppressing the intensity of the disease, slowing down the infection rate, and decreasing values of AUDPC as 41.85, 69.87, 75.13, and 67.63%, respectively, compared to control. The cogongrass root extract from Pachic Hapludolls applied before inoculation could increase plant fresh and dry weight plant-1, tuber weight plant-1, plant fresh and dry weight plot-1, and tuber dry weight plot-1 as 42.7, 49.6, 51.92, 66.75, 72.29, and 73.53%, respectively, compared to control.

MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus ON CHILI PEPPER IN NUSA PENIDA ISLAND

Molecular identification of Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus on chili pepper in Nusa Penida Island. Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PYLCV) has been reported as caused yellow leaf curl disease in Bali Island since early 2012. Dominant symptoms of PYLCV infection in chili pepper were yellowing, leaf curl, yellow mosaic, and mottle. Bemisia tabaci, has been known to vector on the case yellow leaf curl disease. Observations on the Nusa Penida Island in 2020 showed symptoms such as yellow leaf curl disease, however, identification of PYLCV in Nusa Penida Island has not been studied. Molecular identification was conducted using polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis. Data collected in this study was disease symptoms and disease incidence. The results showed that dominant disease symptoms caused by virus from Nusa Penida were yellow mosaic, yellowing, and mottle. Universal DNA fragments of 912 bp were successfully amplified from 50 leaf samples using Begomovirus degenerate primers SPG 1 (5’-CCCCKGTGCGWRAATCCAT-3’) and SPG 2 (5’ATCCVAA YWTYCAGGGAGCT-3’). Sequence analysis showed that the isolate from Nusa Penida was a Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus with a 98–100% homology with several reference isolates.

REPELLENCY OF CELERY ESSENTIAL OILS (Apium graveolens L.) AGAINST Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) IN THE LABORATORY

Repellency of celery essential oil (Apium graveolens L.) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in thelaboratory. Essential oil is one of the ingredients that has repellent ability to herbivorous insects. Celery is one of plantscontaining essential oil which may also have the repellent ability. This study was aimed to determine the differences in therepellent ability of celery essential oils compounds that were taken from 3 different locations against S. frugiperda in thelaboratory. This research was arranged in a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors. The first factorwas the origin of the celery plants (Malang, Surabaya, and Lamongan) and the second factor was the concentration level ofessential oils (1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm) which was repeated three times. The reliability test was carried out using filter papermethod. The results showed that the essential oil extracted from celery originated from Malang with 3000 ppm concentrationhad the highest percentage level of repellency (level 5) that reached 93.33% of repellency. Location and concentration factorshad no different effect on S. frugiperda larvae repellency. There was no correlation between location and concentration on therepellency of S. frugiperda larvae.

CROSS APPLICATION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI RAW SECONDARY METABOLITES FOR CONTROLLING FUSARIUM WILT OF CHILI SEEDLINGS

Cross application of entomopathogenic fungi raw secondary metabolites for controlling fusarium wilt of chili seedlings. Theresearch aimed to determine the effect of entomopathogenic fungi raw secondary metabolites on fusarium wilt on chili plants and on growth of chili. In vitro test used a Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments and 5 replicate and in planta using a Randomized Block Design with 5 treatments and 5 replicatie including control, secondary metabolites of Beauveria bassiana B10, B. bassiana B16, Metarhizium anisopliae M16, dan Lecanicillium lecanii L16. Variables observed included inhibition ability, incubation period, desease intensity, plant height, root length, and phenolic compounds (tannins, saponin, and hydroquinone) content qualitatively. The results showed that secondary metabolites of B. bassiana B10, B. bassiana B16, M. anisopliae M16, and L. lecanii L16 were able to inhibit growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capsici by 50.62; 50,64; 48,62; 56.62%, respectively, extend incubation periods of 71.05; 73,38; 64.89; and 68.57%, respectively, suppress disease intensity by 99.99; 99.99; 99.99; and 99.99%, respectively, can increase plant height by 15.22; 18.8; 21.14; 21.69%, respectively, increasing the root length by 22.61; 25,71; 26,34; 33.50%, respectively, and can increase the content of tannins, saponins and hydroquinone compounds qualitatively compared to controls. The secondary metabolites of enthomopathogenic fungi could be used as organic control for soilborne pathogenic fungi.