Problems of ‘Socialist Planning’: Evan Durbin and the Labour Government of 1945

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Labour Government ◽  
Free Market Capitalism ◽  
National Investment ◽  
Market Capitalism ◽  
Second World ◽  
National Control ◽  
Central Economic

‘Socialist planning’ was a notable, if unlikely casualty of Labour government after the Second World War. Between 1931 and the election victory of 1945, central economic planning was, in the words of G.D.H. Cole, the ‘professed creed of the Labour Party’. Depression and war demonstrated that the anarchy of free-market capitalism had to ‘give way to ordered planning under national control’. Labour won the election of 1945 with a commitment to ‘plan from the ground up’ through the socialization of industry, the establishment of a national investment board and the use of wide-ranging economic controls. Planning was the defining characteristic of Labour's socialism in this period and it could indeed be argued that the party did not find so effective a political rhetoric until ‘Labour and the scientific revolution’ in 1963.

‘Communism Is a Religion That Is Inspired, Directed and Motivated by the Devil Himself’: Billy Graham’s Apologetics and the Cold War West

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-159
Author(s):  
Uta Andrea Balbier
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Billy Graham ◽  
Free Market Capitalism ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
End Times ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

Anti-Communism constituted a core feature of Billy Graham’s preaching in the 1950s. In Graham’s sermons Communism did not just stand for the anti-religious thread of an atheistic ideology, as it was traditionally used in Protestant Fundamentalist circles, but also for its opposition to American freedom and Free Market Capitalism. This article argues that the term Communism took on significantly new meaning in the evangelical milieu after the Second World War, indicating the new evangelicals’ ambition to restore, defend, and strengthen Christianity by linking it into the discourse on American Cold War patriotism. This article will contrast the anti-Communist rhetoric of Billy Graham and other leading evangelical figures of the 1950s, such as Harold Ockenga, with the anti-Communist rhetoric used by early Fundamentalists in the 1910s and 1920s. Back then, Communism was predominantly interpreted as a genuine threat to Christianity. The term also made appearances in eschatological interpretations regarding the imminent end-times. The more secular interpretation of Communism as a political and economic counter-offer by evangelical preachers such as Billy Graham will be discussed as an important indicator of the politicization and implied secularization of the evangelical milieu after the Second World War.

Non-Market Economies' Accessions to the WTO: Evolution of the Approach and Implications for the Organization

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-81
Author(s):  
Chieh Huang
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
World War ◽  
Market Economies ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Second World

AbstractThe General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the Word Trade Organization (WTO), have been the main forum of international trade since the end of the Second World War. The regime is unquestionably based on free-market rules and principles. Yet in the last two decades, formerly planned economies — including Eastern European countries, former Soviet countries and China — have attempted to join the GATT/WTO. To encourage their transition under the influence of free-market principles, and to be a truly global trade organization, the GATT/WTO has accepted applicants with a reforming planned economy. This article studies the evolution of the GATT/WTO's approaches to integrate non-market economies and shows that the approach to integrate non-market economies during the WTO era is significantly different than during the GATT. While special mechanisms were provided in GATT accession protocols to bridge different market structures, WTO accessions require non-market economies to convert their own market structures. This article holds that this intolerance of different market structures in the WTO reflects the collapse of embedded liberalism and the rise of coercive trade diplomacy. Multilateral trade diplomacy has therefore become a means of imposing a domestic restructuring of economic structures rather than providing a negotiation forum for trade liberalization.

‘Putting Animals into Politics’: The Labour Party and Hunting in the First Half of the Twentieth Century

Rural History ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL TICHELAR
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Labour Party ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Labour Government ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

This article will discuss the background to opposition to hunting within the Labour Party before the Second World War, and in particular the role of the Humanitarian League and its successor the League Against Cruel Sports. It will highlight internal tensions of class and ideology that are still current today. It will examine the fate of two private members bills introduced in 1949 designed to prohibit hunting and coursing. Both bills were heavily defeated after the intervention of the Labour Government. This article will examine the reasons the post-war Labour Government used to oppose the bills before drawing some general conclusions about the Labour movement and blood sports. It will be argued that the primary reason why the bills were defeated was the strong desire of the Government to preserve its relationship with the farmers and the wider rural community.

scholarly journals Palingenetic Ultra-Nationalist Christianity: History, Identity, and the Falsity of Peripeteic Dialectics

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-64
Author(s):  
Dustin J. Byrd
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Christian Identity ◽  
World War ◽  
End Of History ◽  
Western Modernity ◽  
Free Market Capitalism ◽  
The End Of History ◽  
Market Capitalism

The recent upsurge of European nationalism is partially an attempt to address the ongoing identity crisis that began with the Bourgeois revolution, which expressed itself through positivistic scientism and aggressive secularization, and culminated in the post-World War II “liberal consensus”: representative democracy and free-market capitalism as the “end of history.” Due to the needs of capitalism after World War II, coupled with the liberalization and Americanization of European societies, there has been a growing presence of “non-identical” elements within Europe, which itself is reexamining the very geography of what it means to be European. In this essay, I explore the historical context of the current identity struggles that are facing Europeans. From a Critical Theory perspective, I challenge the idea that Christianity or a Christian age can be resurrected by ultra-nationalists in their attempt to combat the cosmopolitanism of Western modernity. Moreover, I demonstrate how such attempts to return to an idealized Christian identity are rooted in a false possibility: Peripeteic Dialectics, or “dialectics in reverse.”

Three Economic Depressions of the Turkish Economy

2019 ◽  
pp. 407-425
Author(s):  
Cengizhan Yıldırım
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Innovative Strategy ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Turkish Economy ◽  
Economic Paradigm ◽  
Second World ◽  
Import Substitution Industrialization

The aim of this chapter is to analyze the three depressions of Turkish economy, which are the period of Second World War, the second half of the 1970s, and between 1994 and 2001. In these depression periods, the supply-demand balance completely deteriorated, and the economy completely collapsed. The economic paradigm changed after each depression, but economic problems have never changed. As very different economical models, étatism, planning import substitution industrialization, neoliberal economy policies have been tested for Turkish economy, but none of them has been successful. The lack of knowledge of facts of economics is the main cause of depressions. For innovative strategy, the Turkish economy needs more free market and deregulation.

The End of Ideology Thesis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Brick
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Western Politics ◽  
Second World ◽  
Intense Debate

The idea that ‘Western’ politics had witnessed a post-Second World War ‘end of ideology’ carried great weight among mid-twentieth-century liberal European and US intellectuals. Almost as soon as this idea was broadcast, however, it became the object of intense debate: what represented to some a welcome reprieve from ‘extreme’ and destructive political doctrines (‘isms’), and the conflict between them, struck others as an order of complacency that stifled vigorous political debate and meaningful visions of a better future. It remains exceedingly difficult to locate a clear meaning to the phrase, ‘the end of ideology’. Nonetheless, the most prevalent definition aligned it with a very moderate social-democratic perspective that was anti-Communist and allied with anti-Soviet Cold War policies, dedicated to the promise of the postwar ‘welfare state’ (in a ‘left-liberal’ sense that dismissed ideologies of free-market efficiency), and tinged with a culturally conservative disposition that was suspicious of disruptive protest movements and avant-garde culture.

Geopolitics and the Cold War

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Warner
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
World War 2 ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Free Market Capitalism ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Market Capitalism

This chapter examines the geopolitical aspect of the Cold War. It discusses the origin of the term “geopolitics,” and investigates how and why relations between the United States and the Soviet Union deteriorated so rapidly after the World War 2. The chapter highlights the incompatibilities between the ideologies of the two superpowers, and explains that communism and free-market capitalism are polar opposites. It also argues against the claims about the extent to which the Cold War was based on ideological as opposed to geopolitical factors that persisted throughout the conflict.

The Cold War Origins of the “Crisis of Democracy”

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-61
Author(s):  
Kyong-Min Son
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Free Market ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Coordination ◽  
Free Market Capitalism ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Market Capitalism ◽  
The Welfare State

This article suggests that a “crisis of democracy” can be understood not simply as a deterioration of specific representative institutions but as a repositioning of democratic politics vis-à-vis other principles of social coordination, most notably the capitalist market, and the attendant decline of democratic subjectivity—people’s attunement to claims appealing to the common good. I trace this process to the post–World War II era. I show that the crisis of democracy was shaped by the substantive imperative of fusing democracy with free-market capitalism. Many postwar democratic theorists believed that the welfare state could manage the tension latent in this fusion. But an analysis of Friedrich Hayek’s theory of neoliberal democracy, which recognizes that tension more acutely, reveals that the incorporation of free-market capitalism creates tendencies that undermine democracy from within.

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