Note on the probability distribution arising in the study of the Institute's examinations

1947 ◽  
Vol 6 (03) ◽  
pp. 140-143
Author(s):  
John Wishart
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Characteristic Function ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Negative Index ◽  
Elementary Method ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
Full Power ◽  
The One

The distribution discussed by Mayhew and Vajda (J.S.S.Vol. vi, 1946, pp. 67–75 (70)), is the binomial with negative index (having origin, i.e. first term, atninstead ofo), about which a good deal has been written, and their problem is the one discussed by Yule in 1910 (J.R. Statist. Soc.Vol. LXXIII, p. 26). The authors base their proof on an idea of Laplace, but the full power of the characteristic function derivation can be seen if we go further than they did. The results are of some interest, particularly as Kendall (Advanćed Theory of Statistics, Vol. 1, §5.13) does not go beyond deriving mean and variance by the elementary method in this case.

The English Crisis of 1297 in the Light of French Experience

1979 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles T. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Good Deal ◽  
The Political ◽  
English History ◽  
French Experience ◽  
Political Principle ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Remarkable Agreement ◽  
Edward I

Among the familiar sights crowding the landscape of English history from the dooms of Ine to that crown plucked from a hawthorn bush at Bosworth, none is more deeply cherished than the crisis of 1297 and the “Confirmation of the Charters” to which it gave rise. For, despite all the sharp differences over detail that the documentation for this crisis has engendered, scholars have shown remarkable agreement in seeing it as the one defeat suffered by Edward I in a long and notably successful reign. And to that defeat they have attributed great constitutional significance. Stubbs set the pattern, calling the “result singularly in harmony with what seems from history and experience to be the natural direction of English progress,” and Wilkinson is only one among the many who have recently elaborated on that theme:The crisis of 1297 … placed a definite check on the tendencies which Edward I had shown, to ignore the deep principles of the constitution under stress of the necessities which confronted the nation … It was a landmark in the advance of the knights … toward political maturity. It helped to establish the tradition of co-operation and political alliance between the knights and the magnates, on which a good deal of the political future of England was to depend …. What the opposition achieved, in 1297, was a great vindication of the ancient political principle of government by consent ….

scholarly journals A comparison of two methods for predicting changes in the distribution of gene frequency when selection is applied repeatedly to a finite population

1969 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek J. Pike
Keyword(s):  
Iterative Procedure ◽  
Gene Frequency ◽  
Finite Population ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Single Cycle ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Selection Of

Robertson (1960) used probability transition matrices to estimate changes in gene frequency when sampling and selection are applied to a finite population. Curnow & Baker (1968) used Kojima's (1961) approximate formulae for the mean and variance of the change in gene frequency from a single cycle of selection applied to a finite population to develop an iterative procedure for studying the effects of repeated cycles of selection and regeneration. To do this they assumed a beta distribution for the unfixed gene frequencies at each generation.These two methods are discussed and a result used in Kojima's paper is proved. A number of sets of calculations are carried out using both methods and the results are compared to assess the accuracy of Curnow & Baker's method in relation to Robertson's approach.It is found that the one real fault in the Curnow-Baker method is its tendency to fix too high a proportion of the genes, particularly when the initial gene frequency is near to a fixation point. This fault is largely overcome when more individuals are selected. For selection of eight or more individuals the Curnow-Baker method is very accurate and appreciably faster than the transition matrix method.

scholarly journals XXII.—Observations on the Phonograph

1897 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-785
Author(s):  
John G. M'Kendrick
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
American Model ◽  
Spiral Line ◽  
The One ◽  
Spiral Grooves ◽  
Special Meeting

1. Since I had the honour of showing the phonograph to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, at a special meeting in November 1894, the instrument has occupied a good deal of my time and attention, and I now venture to give the general results of the investigation.2. The instrument chiefly studied has been the machine used in this country known as the “Commercial Phonograph.” Any records taken by myself have been obtained with the ordinary apparatus forming part of the “commercial” speaker arm, but I have always reproduced these with the aid of the so-called “musical” arm. The commercial machine, or, to give it a better name, the English model, is so geared that the wax cylinder, inch (197 mm.) in circumference, makes two revolutions in one second, while the spiral grooves described on the cylinder are inch (⅛ mm.) apart. A spiral line about 136 yards in length may be described on the cylinder, and the recording or reproducing point travels over this distance in about six minutes.3. I have also used the American model, which resembles in all essential particulars the one just described, except that the grooves on the cylinder are inch (¼ mm.) instead of .

Statistical Uncertainty in Long-Term Distributions of Significant Wave Height

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 284-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Guedes Soares ◽  
A. C. Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Significant Wave Height ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Significant Wave ◽  
Fitting Procedure ◽  
The One ◽  
Homogeneous Data

This work examines some aspects involved in the estimation of the parameters of the probability distribution of significant wave height, in particular the homogeneity of the data sets and the statistical methods of fitting a distribution to data. More homogeneous data sets are organized by collecting the data on a monthly basis and by separating the simple sea states from the combined ones. A three-parameter Weibull distribution is fitted to the data. The parameters of the fitted distribution are estimated by the methods of maximum likelihood, of regression, and of the moments. The uncertainty involved in estimating the probability distribution with the three methods is compared with the one that results from using more homogeneous data sets, and it is concluded that the uncertainty involved in the fitting procedure can be more significant unless the method of moments is not considered.

scholarly journals File Not Found: Rarity in an Age of Digital Plenty

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Reside
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
The State ◽  
Web Portal ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Rare Books ◽  
The One ◽  
The Web

In the first section of the submission guidelines for this esteemed journal, would-be authors are informed, “RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage uses a web-based, automated, submission system to track and review manuscripts. Manuscripts should be sent to the editor, […], through the web portal[…]” The multivalent uses of the word “manuscript” in this sentence reveal a good deal about the state of our field. This journal is dedicated to the study of manuscripts, and it is understood by most readers that the manuscripts being studied are of the “one-of-a-kind” variety (even rarer than the “rare . . .

scholarly journals On the equivalence of various definitions of mixed poisson processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-468
Author(s):  
Demetrios P. Lyberopoulos ◽  
Nikolaos D. Macheras ◽  
Spyridon M. Tzaninis
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Poisson Process ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Poisson Processes ◽  
Counting Processes ◽  
Mixing Parameter ◽  
Mixed Poisson Process ◽  
Probability Spaces ◽  
The One

Abstract Under mild assumptions the equivalence of the mixed Poisson process with mixing parameter a real-valued random variable to the one with mixing probability distribution as well as to the mixed Poisson process in the sense of Huang is obtained, and a characterization of each one of the above mixed Poisson processes in terms of disintegrations is provided. Moreover, some examples of “canonical” probability spaces admitting counting processes satisfying the equivalence of all above statements are given. Finally, it is shown that our assumptions for the characterization of mixed Poisson processes in terms of disintegrations cannot be omitted.

scholarly journals Observations on Theileria parva, the Parasite of East Coast Fever of Cattle

Parasitology ◽  
1909 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. F. Nuttall ◽  
H. B. Fantham ◽  
Annie Porter
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
East Coast Fever ◽  
Theileria Parva ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Infected Blood ◽  
The One ◽  
Fever Reaction

Although a good deal has been written about East Coast Fever in cattle, the literature relating thereto contains very little direct information regarding the parasite which stands in causal relation to the disease. Robert Koch (1898), who was the first to observe the parasite in cases of East Coast Fever occurring in German East Africa, regarded it as but a variety of Piroplasma bovis (= bigeminum) and described the disease as Texas Fever. Theiler (1904) was the first to distinguish clearly East Coast Fever from Redwater. He stated that “the disease has nothing to do with Texas Fever or Redwater; it is a new disease due to a parasite different to the one found in Texas Fever.” Koch (1903—1904), who gave the disease its distinctive name, reached the same conclusions as Theiler. The investigations of Theiler (1904) established the following facts: Cattle which are immune to Redwater are susceptible to East Coast Fever. East Coast Fever is not communicable by blood inoculations (30 experiments, wherein 5 to 2000 c.c. of East Coast Fever blood were inoculated). He noted the absence of haemoglobinuria in the majority of animals affected with East Coast Fever, its presence in the majority of the animals affected with Redwater. He found that in most cases of East Coast Fever, there was no appreciable decrease in the number of red blood corpuscles, this being in marked contrast to what is observed in Redwater. Theiler noted that cattle might harbour both the parasites of Redwater (P. bovis) and those of East Coast Fever (bacillary forms = T. parva). The former generally appeared in the blood “only towards the end of the fever reaction in East Coast Fever,” being previously latent in the animals which had been “salted” against Redwater. He distinguished “two groups of piroplasmosis,” the inoculable (Redwater, canine and equine piroplasmosis) and the uninoculable (East Coast Fever) by injection of infected blood. The parasites in the latter are much smaller than in the former. He named the parasites of East Coast Fever Piroplasma parvum. Theiler distinguished the parasite of East Coast Fever from P. bovis because of the frequent occurrence of bacillary forms and the minute size of the parasite, but he nevertheless retained the new parasite in the genus Piroplasma.

scholarly journals “Dead letters! … Dead Men?”: The Rhetoric of the Office in Melville's “Bartleby, the Scrivener”

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRAHAM THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Good Deal ◽  
The Other ◽  
American Renaissance ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Antebellum America ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Bartleby The Scrivener ◽  
The One ◽  
Critical Discourses ◽  
The Relationship

Although a good deal of recent critical attention to Melville's writing has followed the lead of Robert K. Martin in addressing the issue of sexuality, the predominant themes in discussions of “Bartleby” remain changes in the nature of the workplace in antebellum America and transformations in capitalism. But, if one of the abiding mysteries of the story is the failure of the lawyer–narrator to sever his relationship with his young scrivener once Bartleby embarks upon his policy of preferring not to, it is a mystery that makes sense within both of these critical discourses. On the one hand, the longevity of the relationship dramatizes a tension implicit in Michael Gilmore's suggestion that the lawyer–narrator straddles the old and the new economic orders of the American market-place. Although he may employ his scriveners “as a species of productive property and little else”, his attachment to his employees is overwhelmingly paternalistic and protective. On the other hand, James Creech suggests that Pierre (published the year before “Bartleby”) is a novel preoccupied with the closeting of homosexual identity within the values of an American middleclass family, while Gregory Woods describes Melville as the nearest thing in the prose world of the American Renaissance to the Good Gay Poet Whitman. In this critical context the longevity of the relationship suggests that the lawyer–narrator's desire to know Bartleby, to protect him, to tolerate him, to be close to him, to have him for his own, and then to retell the story of their relationship, needs to be considered in relation to sexual desire.

Plena Potestas and Consent in Medieval Assemblies: A Study in Romano-Canonical Procedure and the Rise of Representation, 1150–1325

Traditio ◽  
1943 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 355-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaines Post
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Royal Authority ◽  
Strict Interpretation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Full Power ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

By the end of the thirteenth century the royal writ of summons to Parliament usually specified that communities send representatives with “full power” to consent to whatever should be ordained by the king in his court and council. This “full power” was the famous plena potestas which was stated in the mandates carried by knights and burgesses to Parliament and by delegates of cities and towns to Cortes and States General, and which is still current in proxies for stockholders' meetings. It has, of course, like almost every word of the terminology in documents relating to representation, challenged interpretation: on the one side is the argument of J. G. Edwards, who confines himself to England, that plena potestas implied an almost political or sovereign consent which limited the royal authority; on the other, the assumption that it was an expression of involuntary consent to the acts and decisions of the royal government. In general, of course, whatever modern scholars have decided as to the right of consent has resulted either from modern conceptions of representation or from a strict interpretation of the terminology in the sources for the history of assemblies. No one has examined plena potestas in the light of the legal theory and procedure of the thirteenth century It is possible that by studying how legists and canonists viewed the meaning of plena potestas—for it, like most of the terminology in the mandate, came from Roman Law—we can find at least a relatively new approach to the problem of medieval consent.

scholarly journals Fraud risk assessment within blockchain transactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-O. Goffard
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Head Start ◽  
Counting Processes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fraud Risk ◽  
The One

AbstractThe probability of successfully spending twice the same bitcoins is considered. A double-spending attack consists in issuing two transactions transferring the same bitcoins. The first transaction, from the fraudster to a merchant, is included in a block of the public chain. The second transaction, from the fraudster to himself, is recorded in a block that integrates a private chain, exact copy of the public chain up to substituting the fraudster-to-merchant transaction by the fraudster-to-fraudster transaction. The double-spending hack is completed once the private chain reaches the length of the public chain, in which case it replaces it. The growth of both chains are modelled by two independent counting processes. The probability distribution of the time at which the malicious chain catches up with the honest chain, or, equivalently, the time at which the two counting processes meet each other, is studied. The merchant is supposed to await the discovery of a given number of blocks after the one containing the transaction before delivering the goods. This grants a head start to the honest chain in the race against the dishonest chain.

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