scholarly journals Fraud risk assessment within blockchain transactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-O. Goffard
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Head Start ◽  
Counting Processes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fraud Risk ◽  
The One

AbstractThe probability of successfully spending twice the same bitcoins is considered. A double-spending attack consists in issuing two transactions transferring the same bitcoins. The first transaction, from the fraudster to a merchant, is included in a block of the public chain. The second transaction, from the fraudster to himself, is recorded in a block that integrates a private chain, exact copy of the public chain up to substituting the fraudster-to-merchant transaction by the fraudster-to-fraudster transaction. The double-spending hack is completed once the private chain reaches the length of the public chain, in which case it replaces it. The growth of both chains are modelled by two independent counting processes. The probability distribution of the time at which the malicious chain catches up with the honest chain, or, equivalently, the time at which the two counting processes meet each other, is studied. The merchant is supposed to await the discovery of a given number of blocks after the one containing the transaction before delivering the goods. This grants a head start to the honest chain in the race against the dishonest chain.

scholarly journals On the equivalence of various definitions of mixed poisson processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-468
Author(s):  
Demetrios P. Lyberopoulos ◽  
Nikolaos D. Macheras ◽  
Spyridon M. Tzaninis
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Poisson Process ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Poisson Processes ◽  
Counting Processes ◽  
Mixing Parameter ◽  
Mixed Poisson Process ◽  
Probability Spaces ◽  
The One

Abstract Under mild assumptions the equivalence of the mixed Poisson process with mixing parameter a real-valued random variable to the one with mixing probability distribution as well as to the mixed Poisson process in the sense of Huang is obtained, and a characterization of each one of the above mixed Poisson processes in terms of disintegrations is provided. Moreover, some examples of “canonical” probability spaces admitting counting processes satisfying the equivalence of all above statements are given. Finally, it is shown that our assumptions for the characterization of mixed Poisson processes in terms of disintegrations cannot be omitted.

Risk assessment

1987 ◽  
Vol 92 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Gittus ◽  
M. R. Hayns
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Nuclear Power Station ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Power Station ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Mathematical Interpretation

SynopsisRisk involves consideration both of the consequences of accidents and the frequency with which the accidents occur. Indeed formally risk is equal to the product of frequency and consequences. The important question of the perception of risk by the public and by the professional is first addressed. Two tenets are proposed as being a suitable summary of the public requirement:1. If it can happen, then it must not matter.2. If it matters, then it must not happen.A mathematical interpretation is placed upon these tenets and is shown to be consistent with various professional safety targets. The tenets do not indicate what numerical values for risk would be acceptable to the public but they do show how the consequences of accidents should diminish as the frequency or likelihood of a particular accident increases. It is argued that the best way of determining what level of risk the public accepts is to be guided by statistics for man-caused accidents. These, it transpires, pose risks which are considerably greater than those implied, for example, by the professional targets for nuclear reactors. The risk posed to the public by two energy installations is summarised. The one installation, situated on Canvey Island, exports energy in the form of gas, some of which (methane) is pumped into a national gas grid. The other installation, the Sizewell “B” Pressurised Water Reactor nuclear power station has not yet been constructed, but a comprehensive risk assessment has been undertaken, the results of which are summarised. The two installations are comparable in the sense that each exports a power of the order of a million kilowatts (in the form of gas in the one case and electricity in the other). Both have been the subject of Public Inquiries. The risks posed by the Canvey installations are accepted, since they only constitute a small fraction of the risks which the public run in any case during the course of their everyday lives. The predicted risks for the PWR are smaller still. The form taken by the risks posed by both installations corresponds broadly with the two tenets. That is to say the greater the consequences the lower should be the frequency of a particular accident.

scholarly journals The Personality Factor of Conscientiousness on Skills Requirement and Fraud Risk Assessment Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 405
Author(s):  
Ala'a Zuhair Mansour ◽  
Aidi Ahmi ◽  
Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson Popoola
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Personality Factor ◽  
Fraud Prevention ◽  
Assessment Task ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fraud Risk ◽  
The Government ◽  
Assessment Performance

The study examines the moderation effect of the personality factor of conscientiousness on the relationship between skills (forensic accountant and auditor) and fraud risk assessment task performance in the Jordanian public sector. The forensic accountant skills denote enhanced level of capability purposely required to collect evidence in respect of fraud prevention, detection, deterrence as well as response. Whereas, the auditing standards require auditors to make available realistic guarantees in terms of sufficiency and reliability that the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatements arising from fraud or error. Despite efforts by the government in reducing cases of fraud through a measure of reforms such as the establishment and strengthening of accountability organs and promoting global best practices for corporate organisations, fraud and financial crimes in the public sector of Jordan are still increasing. Hence, this paper develops a conceptual framework to investigate the moderating effect of conscientiousness on skills requirements and fraud risk assessment performance. The study will assist the forensic accountants and auditors working as regulators in the public sector environment concerning fraud prevention, detection, and response. It also creates awareness among accounting information users in the public sector. The paper contributes to the literature on personality factors of conscientiousness, auditing and forensic accounting, enhanced capability skills requirement, and competence (fraud risk assessment performance) by forensic accountants and auditors about fraud prevention, detection, and response in the Jordanian public sector.

Religion, Risk and Legal Culture: Balancing Human Rights against a ‘War on Terror’

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
War On Terror ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
The One ◽  
Muslim Minorities ◽  
Insight Into

‘Legal cultures’ in European countries have been under the twin pressures of moves towards ‘European and international standards’ on the one hand, and the ‘war on terror’ on the other—the first exerting pressure in a liberal direction, the second exerting pressure in an authoritarian direction. Data from focus groups and interviews with the general public and Muslim minorities provide insight into how the public in general, and Muslims in particular, have responded to the pressure of terrorism and the ‘war on terror’ in a spectrum of five countries ranging across Europe. Muslims have very different attitudes towards paying the price of the so-called ‘war on terror’, but our study suggests that attitudes towards that price are directly influenced more by ‘risk assessment’ than by religion.

The screen performance as an instrument of propaganda (on the example of Ivan Kavaleridze’s film «Koliivshchyna», 1933)

2019 ◽  
Vol 25242644 ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Alina Lisnevska
Keyword(s):  
Video Content ◽  
The Public ◽  
Screen Media ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Soviet Ideology ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Truth ◽  
Screen Performance ◽  
Personalized Video ◽  
Remote Past

The myth-making processes in the communicative space are the «cornerstone» of ideology at all times of mankind’s existence. One of the tools of the effective impact of propaganda is trust in information. Today this come round due to the dissemination of information on personalized video content in social networks, including through converged media. New myths and social settings are creating, fate of the countries is being solved, public opinion is being formed. It became possible to create artificially a model of social installation using the myths (the smallest indivisible element of the myth) based on real facts, but with the addition of «necessary» information. In the 20–30 years of the XX century cinematograph became the most powerful screen media. The article deals with the main ideological messages of the Ukrainian Soviet film «Koliivshchyna» (1933). In the period of mass cinematography spread in the Soviet Ukraine, the tape was aimed at a grand mission – creation of a new mythology through the interpretation of the true events and a con on the public, propaganda of the Soviet ideology. This happened in the tragic period of Ukrainian history (1933, the Holodomor) through the extrapolation of historical truth and its embodiment in the most formative form at that time – the form of the screen performance. The Soviet authorities used the powerful influence of the screen image to propagate dreams, illusions, images, stereotypes that had lost any reference to reality. I. Kavaleridze’s film «Koliivshchyna» demonstrates the interpretation of historical events and national ideas, the interpretation of a relatively remote past through the ideology of the «Soviet-era». The movie is created as a part of the political conjuncture of the early 1930s: the struggle against Ukrainian «bourgeois nationalism» and against the «Union of Liberation Ukraine», the repressive policies against the peasants, the close-out of the «back to the roots» policy. The movie, on the one hand, definitely addresses to the Ukrainian ideas, on the other hand it was made at the period of the repressions against the Ukrainian peasantry. In the movie «Koliivshchyna», despite the censorship, I. Kavaleridze manages to create a national inclusive narrative that depicts Ukrainian space as multi-ethnic and diverse, but at the same time nationally colorful.

State of Fashion: Searching for the New Luxury

APRIA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
José Teunissen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Century Model ◽  
Cocktail Party ◽  
The Public ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

In the last few years, it has often been said that the current fashion system is outdated, still operating by a twentieth-century model that celebrates the individualism of the 'star designer'. In I- D, Sarah Mower recently stated that for the last twenty years, fashion has been at a cocktail party and has completely lost any connection with the public and daily life. On the one hand, designers and big brands experience the enormous pressure to produce new collections at an ever higher pace, leaving less room for reflection, contemplation, and innovation. On the other hand, there is the continuous race to produce at even lower costs and implement more rapid life cycles, resulting in disastrous consequences for society and the environment.

Auditors and the Principal-Principal Agency Conflict in Family Controlled Firms

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-55
Author(s):  
Chiraz Ben Ali ◽  
Sabri Boubaker ◽  
Michel Magnan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Audit Risk ◽  
Controlling Shareholder ◽  
Voting Power ◽  
The Public ◽  
Agency Conflict ◽  
Jel Classifications

SUMMARY This paper examines whether multiple large shareholders (MLS) affect audit fees in firms where the largest controlling shareholder (LCS) is a family. Results show that there is a negative relationship between audit fees and the presence, number, and voting power of MLS. This is consistent with the view that auditors consider MLS as playing a monitoring role over the LCS, mitigating the potential for expropriation by the LCS. Therefore, our evidence suggests that auditors reduce their audit risk assessment and audit effort and ultimately audit fees in family controlled firms with MLS. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: G32; G34; M42; D86.

Freedom of Expression versus Privacy and the Right to Reputation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Voorhoof
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Media Freedom ◽  
Investigative Journalism ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Right Of Privacy ◽  
The One ◽  
Grand Chamber ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The normative perspective of this chapter is how to guarantee respect for the fundamental values of freedom of expression and journalistic reporting on matters of public interest in cases where a (public) person claims protection of his or her right to reputation. First it explains why there is an increasing number and expanding potential of conflicts between the right to freedom of expression and media freedom (Article 10 ECHR), on the one hand, and the right of privacy and the right to protection of reputation (Article 8 ECHR), on the other. In addressing and analysing the European Court’s balancing approach in this domain, the characteristics and the impact of the seminal 2012 Grand Chamber judgment in Axel Springer AG v. Germany (no. 1) are identified and explained. On the basis of the analysis of the Court’s subsequent jurisprudence in defamation cases it evaluates whether this case law preserves the public watchdog-function of media, investigative journalism and NGOs reporting on matters of public interest, but tarnishing the reputation of public figures.

Academic Freedom and the Politics of Truth

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Academic Freedom ◽  
Democratic Deliberation ◽  
Public Mind ◽  
Epistemic Practice ◽  
The Public ◽  
The One ◽  
Rational Inquiry ◽  
The Ideal

This chapter argues that academic freedom is justified because it is an inherently epistemic practice that serves the ideals of democracy. With Dewey, it is argued that “The one thing that is inherent and essential [to the idea of a university] is the ideal of truth.” But far from being apolitical, the value of pursuing truth and knowledge—the value that justifies academic freedom, both within and without the public mind—is a fundamental democratic value, and for three reasons: the practices of academic inquiry exemplify rational inquiry of the kind needed for democratic deliberation; those practices serve to train students to pursue that kind of inquiry; and those practices are important engines of democratic dissent.

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