OPPORTUNITY FOR NATURAL SELECTION AMONG THE INDIAN POPULATION: SECULAR TREND, COVARIATES AND IMPLICATIONS

SummaryCrow's index is widely used for indirect quantitative estimation of natural selection using birth and death rates. The present investigation is based on 179 studies among 144 different endogamous communities belonging to nineteen states and six geographical regions of India, categorized into six social groups. These studies appeared in 33 different years over six decades (1956 to 2007). The secular trend in Crow's index (It) and its mortality and fertility components (Im and If) shows a gradual decline in It and radical shift in the relative contributions of Im and If. Before 1990 the opportunity for natural selection was mainly determined by differential pre-reproductive mortality (Im), whereas after 1990 it has been determined by differential fertility (If). To find out the covariates of It, Im and If sixteen socio-demographic variables were considered, and nine were found to be significantly correlated with It: total dependency ratio, decadal growth rate 1991–2001, young age dependency ratio, crude death rate, total fertility rate, child mortality rate, under-5 mortality rate, old age dependency ratio and decadal growth rate 1981–1991. On the basis of multivariate stepwise regression analysis, female literacy emerged as one of the most important predictors of It. The declining trend of It, Im and If shows that the Indian population is passing through the demographic transition.

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Population Dynamics in Nepal Over 100 Years

Patan Pragya ◽

10.3126/pragya.v7i1.35255 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 303-316

Author(s):

Keshav Thapa

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Population Dynamics ◽

Population Growth ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Old Age ◽

Population Growth Rate ◽

Dependency Ratio ◽

Age Dependency ◽

Growth Trend ◽

Age Dependency Ratio

Population dynamics is the branch of life sciences that studies short-term and long-term changes in the size and age composition of populations, and the biological and environmental processes influencing those changes. The main aim of this article is to analyze the size, distribution, change, growth, trend, pattern and other over all status of population of Nepal of last hundred years (1911 – 2011).Secondary information obtained by author from authentic and reliable different sources and rearranged- calculated, re-tabulated and analyzed and make meaningful and sensible of them. Number of populations are almost 5 fold increased during the (1930 – 2011) 80 years period of time. The population growth rate and doubling times are fluctuation. CDR, CBR, IMR, CMR, MMR are decreasing as increasing of the socio economic development in Nepal. Life expectancy, literacy rate, active age population rate are increasing. The identification of the caste/ethnic groups are rapidly increased, only 60 caste/ethnic groups were identified in 1991, it has increased and reached 100caste/ethnic groups in 2001 and 125 caste/ethnic groups in 2011 census. Population dependency ratio of child is decreasing and increasing of the old age dependency ratio. If old age population growth rate will remaining the same the old age dependency ratio will be increased by 3 fold till 2050. Almost60 percent populations are living in urban duelers. The CBS of Nepal is going to conduct the census in beginning of 2078 BS and expected total population to be more than 31.5 millions.

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Demographic Transition and Economic Growth in Indonesia

Jurnal Economia ◽

10.21831/economia.v16i1.29846 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Endang Rostiana ◽

Anggia Rodesbi

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Growth Rate ◽

Demographic Transition ◽

Young Age ◽

Positive Contribution ◽

Dependency Ratio ◽

Age Dependency ◽

Dummy Variable ◽

Structure Changes ◽

Age Dependency Ratio

Abstract: Demographic transition in Indonesia indicated by an increase in the productive age population, a decrease in the unproductive age population, and leads to a decrease in the dependency ratio. This study analyzes the relationship between demographic transition and Indonesia's economic growth. If the population structure changes contribute positively to economic development, it means that Indonesia has enjoyed a bonus from their demographic transition. The analysis used was multiple regression, with economic growth rate as dependent variable and population growth rate, capital, young age dependency ratio and old age dependency ratio as independent variables. This study has found that the demographic transition, represented by growth of young age dependency ratio, growth of capital, and economic crisis dummy variable partially contributes positively to economic growth. It can be concluded that the demographic transition in Indonesia provides a bonus that is in the form of a positive contribution to economic growth. Keywords: economic growth, capital, population, dependency ratio Transisi Demografi dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia Abstrak: Transisi demografi di Indonesia ditandai dengan penurunan tingkat fertilitas dan mortalitas, yang berdampak pada peningkatan persentase penduduk usia produktif dan penurunan persentase penduduk usia tidak produktif. Hal ini menyebabkan angka beban tanggungan menjadi semakin kecil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan transisi demografi dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Jika transisi demografi berkontribusi positif pada pertumbuhan ekonomi, maka dapat dikatakan Indonesia telah menikmati bonus demografi. Model analisis menggunakan persamaan regresi, dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi sebagai variabel terikat. Variabel bebasnya adalah pertumbuhan penduduk, pertumbuhan modal, pertumbuhan dependency ratio penduduk usia muda, dan pertumbuhan dependency ratio penduduk usia lanjut. Hasil regresi menunjukkan bahwa transisi demografi yang diwakili oleh pertumbuhan dependency ratio penduduk usia muda, pertumbuhan modal, dan variabel dummy krisis ekonomi secara parsial berpengaruh positif terhadap perumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa transisi demografi memberikan bonus berupa kontribusi positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Kata kunci: pertumbuhan ekonomi, modal, penduduk, dependency ratio

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Institutional, Economic, and Socio-Economic Determinants of the Entrepreneurial Activity of Nations

Administrative Sciences ◽

10.3390/admsci11010026 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 26

Author(s):

João Leitão ◽

João Capucho

Keyword(s):

Foreign Direct Investment ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Entrepreneurial Activity ◽

Dependency Ratio ◽

Age Dependency ◽

Consumption Expenditure ◽

Economic Determinants ◽

Institutional Economic ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

Age Dependency Ratio

This empirical study analyses the effects of institutional, economic, and socio-economic determinants on total entrepreneurial activity in the contexts of developed and developing countries. It fills a gap in the literature, regarding the lack of empirical studies about the relationships among entrepreneurial activity, corruption, commercial freedom, economic growth, innovativeness, inward foreign direct investment, unemployment, households, and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs)’ final consumption expenditure, age dependency ratio, education index, and life expectancy at birth. The empirical application uses annual panel data for the 2003–2018 period, with a total sample of 21 countries, analysed in a two-stage empirical application, including preliminary analysis and a quantile regression model. New empirical evidence is provided, revealing a significantly positive role played by commercial freedom, innovativeness, inward foreign direct investment, households, and NPISHs’ final consumption expenditure and education on entrepreneurial activity. Corruption, unemployment, age dependency ratio, and life expectancy at birth have a significantly negative influence on entrepreneurial activity. In terms of implications, greater government control is recommended, in order to foster the quality of nations’ institutional environment. Additionally, suggested is the launch of new incentives to stimulate research and development activities aimed at registering international patents with a global impact, sourced from new ventures and transnational collaboration.

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