scholarly journals Institutional, Economic, and Socio-Economic Determinants of the Entrepreneurial Activity of Nations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
João Leitão ◽  
João Capucho
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Age Dependency ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Institutional Economic ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Age Dependency Ratio

This empirical study analyses the effects of institutional, economic, and socio-economic determinants on total entrepreneurial activity in the contexts of developed and developing countries. It fills a gap in the literature, regarding the lack of empirical studies about the relationships among entrepreneurial activity, corruption, commercial freedom, economic growth, innovativeness, inward foreign direct investment, unemployment, households, and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs)’ final consumption expenditure, age dependency ratio, education index, and life expectancy at birth. The empirical application uses annual panel data for the 2003–2018 period, with a total sample of 21 countries, analysed in a two-stage empirical application, including preliminary analysis and a quantile regression model. New empirical evidence is provided, revealing a significantly positive role played by commercial freedom, innovativeness, inward foreign direct investment, households, and NPISHs’ final consumption expenditure and education on entrepreneurial activity. Corruption, unemployment, age dependency ratio, and life expectancy at birth have a significantly negative influence on entrepreneurial activity. In terms of implications, greater government control is recommended, in order to foster the quality of nations’ institutional environment. Additionally, suggested is the launch of new incentives to stimulate research and development activities aimed at registering international patents with a global impact, sourced from new ventures and transnational collaboration.

scholarly journals Migration Pattern across the Indian States—Analysis of Census 2001 and 2011

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. p20
Author(s):  
Kirandeep Brar ◽  
Bosu Seo
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Migration Pattern ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Age Dependency ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Future Consequences ◽  
Age Dependency Ratio

The main objective of this paper is to study the interstate migration pattern in India. The data is collected for 13 states of India classified as low, middle and high-income states. The study is conducted based on census data 2001 and 2011, and the net migration rate is computed. The research demonstrates that there is a positive relation between inward migration and development. To support this argument, the data for per capita income, literacy rate of the population age 7 years and above, and the unemployment rate for years 2001 and 2011 are collected from various sources. This paper will also highlight the four phases of demographic transition in India. The data from the World Bank is collected to identify any changes in the birth rate per thousand, the death rate per thousand, and the life expectancy at birth from 1901-2011. The age dependency ratio for 2001 and 2011 is compared for poor and rich states. The expected future consequences of changes in the age dependency ratio are also analyzed in conclusion. The paper also discusses the limitations of migration and the policies that can slow down the migration phenomenon.

scholarly journals Empirical Analysis on Household Savings in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Nur Liyana Mohamed Yousop ◽  
Wan Mohd Farid Wan Zakaria ◽  
Zuraidah Ahmad ◽  
Ahmad A'thif Abdul Manan
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Household Savings ◽  
Age Dependency ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Age Dependency Ratio

The Malaysian household saving growth has shown weakened patterns from year to year. Low-income level, overspending and black swan economic events result in nosedived household savings. To explain this issue, this study empirically examined factors affecting household savings in Malaysia. The analysis was based on time-series data gathered from World Bank Data, CEIC Data and Department of Statistic of Malaysia from 1970 until 2018. The ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis was used to examine the significant relationship among dependent variable (household savings, proxy gross domestic savings) and independent variables which consist of interest rate, inflation rate, age dependency ratio, consumption expenditure and income. The findings from this study reveal that the interest rate and household consumption expenditure have significant negative relationships with the household savings, while age dependency ratio, inflation rate and income have insignificant relationships with the household savings.

scholarly journals How does Human Capital Heterogeneity Affect Chinese Enterprises' Direct Investment in Africa?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Gao ◽  
Dingsheng Zhang ◽  
Mingshuo Cao ◽  
Ya Wen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Age Dependency ◽  
Chinese Enterprises ◽  
Age Dependency Ratio

Is human capital heterogeneity a decisive factor for Chinese enterprises to invest in Africa? Based on the Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI） data of Chinese enterprises in 37 African countries from 2007 to 2017, this paper using the FGLS model, is the empirical analysis of the mechanism and effect of the human capital heterogeneity of host countries on OFDI location selection. The human capital heterogeneity can be divided into four dimensions: scale, quality, cost and structure, which can be measured by health level, education level, wage level, child dependency ratio and old-age dependency ratio. The results show that: (1) the host country's human capital scale and child dependency ratio structure have a significant positive impact on decision-making for OFDI; (2) the cost of human capital and the structure of old-age dependency ratio are negatively correlated with the inflow of OFDI; (3) different from the existing conclusions, the quality of human capital will inhibit the inflow of OFDI in the sample period; (4) the extended test shows that the quality of human capital has a significant positive impact on OFDI decision-making. The results of robustness test are reliable. Finally, according to the conclusion of this paper, policy recommendations are put forward.

scholarly journals Resolving Conflict between Parties and Consequences for Foreign Direct Investment: The Repsol-YPF Case in Argentina

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Fernández González ◽  
María Elena Arce Fariña ◽  
María Dolores Garza Gil
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
Institutional Economic ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Judicial Procedure ◽  
The Impact

In 2012, the Argentine government expropriated 51% of the shares of Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales S.A. (YPF) from the Spanish company Repsol S.A. The YPF was nationalized without prior compensation, violating Argentina’s own laws and, consequently, the institutional framework in force in the country. As a consequence, the country’s reputation deteriorated and, although there were several contacts with multinational enterprises to become YPF’s new partner, the investment climate was affected, making it really difficult to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). In order to attract these investments after the expropriation, the Argentine government understands that it is necessary to settle the legal proceedings with Repsol. In order to avoid an imperfect judicial procedure of long duration and with high transaction costs, both parties reached a settlement agreement. This paper presents an institutional economic analysis of expropriation, contextualizing it within the Argentine institutional framework and studying the trajectory of the nationalization of YPF. In this way, it seeks to contextualize institutionally the Argentine government’s decision and the impact it has had on both the FDI and the credibility of the country’s institutional framework. It also analyzes how the resolution of the conflict occurs through an agreement between the parties that avoids the judicial process, given its high transaction costs.

OPPORTUNITY FOR NATURAL SELECTION AMONG THE INDIAN POPULATION: SECULAR TREND, COVARIATES AND IMPLICATIONS

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 705-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAJESH K. GAUTAM
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Secular Trend ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Age Dependency ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Age Dependency Ratio

SummaryCrow's index is widely used for indirect quantitative estimation of natural selection using birth and death rates. The present investigation is based on 179 studies among 144 different endogamous communities belonging to nineteen states and six geographical regions of India, categorized into six social groups. These studies appeared in 33 different years over six decades (1956 to 2007). The secular trend in Crow's index (It) and its mortality and fertility components (Im and If) shows a gradual decline in It and radical shift in the relative contributions of Im and If. Before 1990 the opportunity for natural selection was mainly determined by differential pre-reproductive mortality (Im), whereas after 1990 it has been determined by differential fertility (If). To find out the covariates of It, Im and If sixteen socio-demographic variables were considered, and nine were found to be significantly correlated with It: total dependency ratio, decadal growth rate 1991–2001, young age dependency ratio, crude death rate, total fertility rate, child mortality rate, under-5 mortality rate, old age dependency ratio and decadal growth rate 1981–1991. On the basis of multivariate stepwise regression analysis, female literacy emerged as one of the most important predictors of It. The declining trend of It, Im and If shows that the Indian population is passing through the demographic transition.

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