scholarly journals Clausal parentheticals, intonational phrasing, and prosodic theory

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLE DEHÉ
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Large Set ◽  
British English ◽  
Tonal Structure ◽  
Syntactic Relation ◽  
Restrictive Relative Clauses ◽  
Intonational Phrases

This paper investigates the intonational phrasing of three types of parenthetical insertions – non-restrictive relative clauses (NRRCs), full sentences, and comment clauses (CCs) – in actual spoken language. It draws on a large set of data from a corpus of spoken British English. Its aim is twofold: first, it evaluates the correctness of previous claims about the intonational phrasing of parentheticals, specifically the assumption that parentheticals are phrased in a separate intonation domain; second, it discusses the implications of the intonational phrasing of parentheticals for prosodic theory. The results of the data analysis are as follows. First, the longer types of interpolations but not CCs are by default phrased separately. Second, both the temporal and the tonal structure of the host may be affected by the parenthetical. Third, CCs lend themselves more readily to the restructuring of intonational phrases such that they are phrased in one domain together with material from the host. Fourth, the prosodic results cannot be explained in syntactic accounts which do not allow for a syntactic relation between parenthetical and host. Fifth, the interface constraints on intonational phrasing apply to parentheticals. Sixth, the intonational phrasing of parentheticals supports the assumption of a post-syntactic, phonological component of the grammar at which restructuring applies.

Fossilized mistakes in Spanish relative clauses learned by Chinese students

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Guijarro Sanz
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Chinese Students ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Restrictive Relative Clauses ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This article demonstrates how Cognitive Grammar and Construction Grammar can prevent Chinese students learning Spanish from fossilizing mistakes in restrictive relative clauses at the A2-B1 level of the European Framework of Reference for Languages. To address this issue, first, relative clauses in Spanish and Chinese were contrasted and, second, tailored solutions based on Cognitive Grammar were proposed. Among the cognitive based tailored solutions, certain geometry forms, colours and basic mathematics metaphors were compared with syntactic characteristics such as noun order, subordination hierarchy or resumption. To elucidate the impact of such teaching methods, an experiment with 74 Chinese students was performed. The results indicate that the efficacy of the proposed materials is statistically significant and as such, the Chinese students avoid fossilized mistakes while producing subject, object and locative relative clauses in Spanish.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ ERROR IN WRITING SIMPLE SENTENCES

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Budi Nugraha Hidayat ◽  
Maryani Maryani
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Simple Sentence ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Irregular Verbs ◽  
Simple Sentences

Language is needed whether it is written or spoken. Language is very necessary for people as a mean of communication. The objective of this research was to analyze the students’ ability in writing simple sentences in past tense. This research used qualitaive research and the data were analyzed to investigate the second year of students’ ability in writing English simple sentences. The participant of this research was consisted of 32 students. Data analysis shows that 27.81% the students have difficulties in structure English simple sentence in past tense. Furthermore 38.12% the students have difficulties using regular verbs in past tense, whereas 71.8% the students have difficulties using irregural verbs in past tense. Over all, the students’ ability in writing English simple sentence in past tense can be considered in medium level. This is due to their confusion in using verb (regular verbs and irregular verbs).

scholarly journals Kata Kerja Mengatakan dalam Tuturan Bahasa Banjar

Kelasa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rissari Yayuk
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
Everyday Communication

Verbs say are often used in everyday communication. These words are usually structurally predicate in sentences.However, the pragmatic semantics of these words can be used in a variety of functions and types of speech. This research is titled verbs say in Banjar language speech. The problem under consideration is the use of verbs to mean significant in affix in Banjar language and Banjar language speech strategy using verbs. The purpose of the study is to describe the use of verbs to say meaningful affixes meN- in the language of Banjar and Banjar language speech strategies that use the verb says. This study uses a structural, semantic, and pragmatic perspective. The method of this research is descriptive. Techniques used in data retrieval are recording and documentation techniques. Method of data analysis is by qualitative way. Data presentation techniques using ordinary words. The results of the study concluded that the use of verbs means that the meN- affix in Banjar speech includes the commanding verb, giving information, agreement, and expectation. The banjar language spoken language strategy using the verb says. Includes paying attention to the needs of the said partners, involving the said partner. Avoiding discrepancies, and growing an optimistic attitude. AbstrakKata kerja mengatakan digunakan dalam komunikasi sehari-hari. Kata ini memiliki fungsi predikat dalam kalimat. Kata ini dapat digunakan dalam ragam fungsi dan jenis tuturan. Masalah penelitian yaitu makna kata mengatakan imbuhan meN- dan strategi menggunakan kata kerja mengatakan dalam tuturan bahasa Banjar. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendeskripsikan penggunaan makna kata mengatakan imbuhan meN- dan strategi menggunakan kata kerja mengatakan dalam tuturan bahasa Banjar. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori struktural, semantik, dan pragmatik. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif. Teknik yang digunakan dalam pengambilan data adalah teknik  rekam dan dokumentasi. Teknik penyajian data dengan menggunakan kata-kata biasa.  Hasil penelitian yaitu makna imbuhan meN- dalam kata kerja mengatakan  dalam tuturan bahasa Banjar  meliputi kata kerja memerintah, memberikan informasi, perjanjian, dan harapan. Strategi tuturan bahasa Banjar yang menggunakan kata kerja mengatakan meliputi  memperhatikan kebutuhan mitra tutur,  melibatkan mitra tutur, menghindari ketidakcocokan, dan menumbuhkan sikap optimis.

Non-restrictive relatives are not orphans

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUG ARNOLD
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Syntactic Representation ◽  
Restrictive Relative Clauses ◽  
Restrictive Relatives

According to a ‘radical orphanage’ approach, non-restrictive relative clauses are not part of the syntactic representation of the sentence that contains them. It is an appealing view, and seems to capture some important properties of non-restrictive relative clauses. Focusing mainly on empirical shortcomings, this paper aims to show that the appeal of such approaches is illusory. It also outlines an empirically superior ‘syntactically integrated’ account.

scholarly journals Non-restrictive relative clauses in Arabic

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman A Alqurashi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Modern Standard Arabic ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
Restrictive Relative Clauses ◽  
Restrictive Relatives ◽  
Modern Standard ◽  
Minimalist Syntax

This paper discusses the syntax of non-restrictive relative clauses in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). It provides a thorough description of their structures and attempts to offer a preliminary analysis within the transformation framework: Minimalist syntax. Two relativization strategies are available for Arabic non-restrictive relative clauses. The first strategy is similar to that of definite restrictive relatives in which the relative clause is initiated by ʔallaðiwhich is a relative complementizer, whereas the second strategy is a unique one in which the relative clause is initiated by the special particle wa, appears to be a specifying coordinator, along with the complementizer ʔallaði. The paper also argues that De-Vries’s (2006) coordinate approach to appositive relatives can provide a straightforward account for some the facts of non-restrictive relative clauses in Arabic.

Relativization strategies in SLA

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-476
Author(s):  
Eleonora Luzi
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
First Language ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Functional Difference ◽  
Proficiency Levels ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
L1 Influence ◽  
Restrictive Relative Clauses

This article examines the process of acquisition of relative clauses in second language (L2) Italian. Despite the fact that linguistic research clearly evidences a distinction between restrictive relative clauses and non-restrictive relative clauses, second language acquisition studies have so far investigated the acquisition of relative clauses disregarding this fundamental and functional difference. Based on the analysis of oral data of 96 L2 Italian students of two different Common European Framework of Reference proficiency levels (B1 and C2), this study examines occurrences of target language relative clauses and of other strategies of relativization (i.e. coordinated sentences), analysing proficiency and first language (L1) influence on distribution. The significant differences in the distribution of alternative relativization strategies between the two groups and the non-restrictive function of coordinated sentences lead to the hypothesis that there are two distinct patterns of acquisition: one for restrictive and another for non-restrictive relative clauses.

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