E. T. Whittaker. The new algebras and their significance for physics and philosophy.The London, Edinburgh & Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, ser. 7 vol. 35 (1944), pp. 1–15; also Year book of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1944, pp. 5-14 (offprint 1943, pp. 1-10).

1944 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-48
Author(s):  
Alonzo Church
1865 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
Edward Sang

In the year 1861 I laid before the Royal Society of Edinburgh a theorem concerning the time of descent in a circular arc, by help of which that time can be computed with great ease and rapidity. A concise statement of it is printed in the fourth volume of the Society's Proceedings at page 419.The theorem in question was arrived at by the comparison of two formulæ, the one being the common series and the other an expression given in the “Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine” for November 1828, by a writer under the signature J. W. L. Each of these series is reached by a long train of transformations, developments, and integrations, which require great familiarity with the most advanced branches of the infinitesimal calculus; yet the theorem which results from their comparison has an aspect of extreme simplicity, and seems as if surely it might be attained to by a much shorter and less rugged road. For that reason I did not, at the time, give an account of the manner in which it was arrived at, intending to seek out a better proof. On comparing it with what is known in the theory of elliptic functions, its resemblance to the beautiful theorem of Halle became obvious; but then the coefficients in Halle's formulæ are necessarily less than unit, whereas for this theorem they are required to be greater than unit.


Author(s):  
Roberto de Andrade Martins

In 1840, James Prescott Joule submitted to the Royal Society a paper describing experimental research on the heat produced by electric currents in metallic conductors, and inferring that the effect was proportional to the resistance of the conductors and to the square of the intensity of the current. Only an abstract of this paper was published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society , although a full paper with a similar title was printed in the Philosophical Magazine in 1841. Several authors have assumed that the content of the 1841 publication was the same as the rejected 1840 paper; however, the unpublished manuscript has been found within the archives of the Royal Society and is published here for the first time, along with a detailed analysis and comparison with the 1841 paper. The unpublished version is much shorter, and is different in certain respects from the published article. A detailed comparison throws light on several shortcomings of the unpublished version. The present work also studies the assessment of Joule's paper by the Royal Society, and elucidates the roles of Peter Roget and Samuel Christie in this connection.


1953 ◽  
Vol 8 (22) ◽  
pp. 522-528

Very few are left with us now of the men of science who were trained in Victorian days and carried out important scientific investigations before the end of last century. Charles Herbert Lees, who died on 25 September 1952 published at least a dozen papers of some consequence in the Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society and in the Philosophical Magazine before the end of the year 1900. Indeed, the work for which he is best known, and perhaps his most important work, was accomplished in days when such innovations as the elementary quantum of action or any serious generalization of Newtonian mechanics were still undreamt of. Lees was born on 28 July 1864 at ‘Ballarat’ in Glodwick Lane, Oldham, Lancashire. He was the second of the three sons of John and Jane Lees. An elder brother, John Frederick, born on 12 December 1855, became Borough Accountant and Treasurer of Oldham and died on 6 September 1915. The younger brother, Edward Oscar, born 16 March 1867, became General Manager of the Manchester and County Bank and its branches, and retired in December 1931. Indeed, many of Lees’s relatives and forebears appear to have been very prominent, about Oldham and that part of Lancashire, in engineering, mechanical construction, commerce, as well as in local municipal affairs and administration. His father, John Lees, who was born at Lowerfields, near Oldham, on 4 July 1822, was apprenticed to Messrs Garnett, millwrights, in Oldham, and later became ‘job-master’ (sub-contractor) in the works of Messrs Platt Bros, machinists, of Oldham. During 1847 there was an engineering ‘lock out’ and John Lees made use of his enforced leisure to visit Birmingham, Coventry, Hull, York and London. In 1851 it appears that he built several houses and a shop in Glodwick Lane, where later his son, Charles Herbert, was born. In 1852 he sailed to Melbourne, arriving at the end of August, after a voyage of 84 days. He was one of the successful gold diggers of that time, since he (with his three partners) discovered, on 31 January 1853, the famous ‘Leg of mutton’ nugget of gold. It was found at a depth of 65 feet in their claim at Canadian Gully, Ballarat, and weighed 134 lb. 11 oz.! On arrival in England it was shown to Queen Victoria and Prince AlbertV er y few are left with us now of the men of science who were trained in Victorian days and carried out important scientific investigations before the end of last century. C harles H er ber t L ees, who died on 25 September 1952 published at least a dozen papers of some consequence in the Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society and in the Philosophical Magazine before the end of the year 1900. Indeed, the work for which he is best known, and perhaps his most important work, was accomplished in days when such innovations as the elementary quantum of action or any serious generalization of Newtonian mechanics were still undreamt of. Lees was born on 28 July 1864 at ‘Ballarat’ in Glodwick Lane, Oldham, Lancashire. He was the second of the three sons of John and Jane Lees. An elder brother, John Frederick, born on 12 December 1855, became Borough Accountant and Treasurer of Oldham and died on 6 September 1915. The younger brother, Edward Oscar, born 16 March 1867, became General Manager of the Manchester and County Bank and its branches, and retired in December 1931. Indeed, many of Lees’s relatives and forebears appear to have been very prominent, about Oldham and that part of Lancashire, in engineering, mechanical construction, commerce, as well as in local municipal affairs and administration. His father, John Lees, who was born at Lowerfields, near Oldham, on 4 July 1822, was apprenticed to Messrs Garnett, millwrights, in Oldham, and later became ‘job-master’ (sub-contractor) in the works of Messrs Platt Bros, machinists, of Oldham. During 1847 there was an engineering ‘lock out’ and John Lees made use of his enforced leisure to visit Birmingham, Coventry, Hull, York and London. In 1851 it appears that he built several houses and a shop in Glodwick Lane, where later his son, Charles Herbert, was born. In 1852 he sailed to Melbourne, arriving at the end of August, after a voyage of 84 days. He was one of the successful gold diggers of that time, since he (with his three partners) discovered, on 31 January 1853, the famous ‘Leg of mutton’ nugget of gold. It was found at a depth of 65 feet in their claim at Canadian Gully, Ballarat, and weighed 134 lb. 11 oz.! On arrival in England it was shown to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.


The author, after briefly noticing the results of some of his expe­riments described in two papers which appeared in the Philosophical Magazine for July and November, 1837, and also those of Mr. Ro­bert Rigg in a paper read to the Royal Society, next adverts to the theory of M. Raspail, detailed in his Tableau Synoptique , and Nouveau Système de Chimie . In opposition to some of the views entertained by the latter, he finds that in the bark of the bamboo and the epidermis of straw the silica incrusting these tissues is not crystallized, but, on the contrary, exhibits, both before and after incineration, the most beautiful and elaborate organization, consisting of an arranged series of cells and tubes, and differing m its character in different species of the same tribe, and in different parts of the same plant. The observations of Mr. Golding Bird, contained in the 14th number of the Magazine of Natural History, New Series, are then referred to; and the author states in confirmation, that, by employ­ing caustic potash, the siliceous columns may be removed from the leaf of a stalk of wheat, while the spiral vessels and ducts, which form the principal ribs of the leaf, as well as the apparently metallic cups which are arranged on its surface, remain undisturbed. He proposes, therefore, to substitute, in the description of vegetable tissues, the term skeleton , instead of that of bases , whether saline or siliceous, of those tissues.


Author(s):  
Laura BRASSINGTON

ABSTRACT Scientific societies played a crucial role in the emergence of a professional culture of science in Britain in the mid- to late-19th Century. At first sight, James Croll's membership of a limited number of scientific associations may be assumed to be the result of his lack of social credit and scientific connections. In this article, by examining Croll's correspondence, I demonstrate that Croll's select participation in scientific clubs and associations reflected his strategic pursuit of a vision of science set apart from party or societal affiliation. I focus on the contrasting histories of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Geological Survey, as well as the institutional history of the Philosophical Magazine. Situating the institutions in their respective social and cultural contexts, I argue that the more meritocratic, inclusive social structure of the Survey and Magazine helps explain Croll's choice to avoid affiliation with the Royal Society of Edinburgh.


1908 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 259-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lord Kelvin

THIS paper was begun about the close of 1906, in order to fulfil a promise given at the end of the paper “On the convective equilibrium of a gas under its own gravitation only,” published in the Philosophical Magazine, 1887; and part of it was communicated by Lord Kelvin to the Royal Society of Edinburgh at its meeting on 21st January 1907. Since then, however, important additions have been made to it, and the subject has been dealt with more fully than was originally intended. Unfortunately the manuscript was left incomplete at Lord Kelvin's death. It ended with § 35.


In 1904 Sir William Ramsay and Prof. Collie gave a list of lines produced by the discharge in a vacuum tube containing radium emanation, but the uncertainty of these numbers made a redetermination desirable. A later determination by Mr. Cameron and Prof. Ramsay was communicated to the Royal Society on June 25, 1908, and was published on August 27, together with corrections, and a final compilation of verified emanation lines added on August 5. After Prof. Rutherford had completed the measurements of the volume of the radium emanation, he and the writer were able to photograph the spectrum that had been observed in the course of this work, and we published in ‘Nature,’ July 9, 1908, the wave-lengths of the stronger lines observed by us in the emanation spectrum, and a more complete list, containing 73 lines, with an accuracy of 0.5 Å. U., was given in the 'Philosophical Magazine’ of August, 1908. Measurements which I have recently made to within 0.1 Å. U. by means of a concave grating confirm the accuracy of our previous determinations. The complete purification of the radium emanation demands a lengthy and painstaking procedure, and is a matter of considerable difficulty, for the volume of pure emanation available in our experiments would occupy at atmospheric pressure not more than one-tenth of a cubic millimetre. The vacuum tube employed must therefore be of small dimensions, and all traces of foreign gases have to be removed from the walls and the electrodes of the tube. In the experiments of Rutherford and Royds, using the method of purification recently developed by Prof. Rutherford, a complete day’s work was taken up before the vacuum tube was filled with the pure emanation.


1858 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  

1. While engaged in depositing antimony by the electro-process in October 1854, I observed a remarkable phenomenon of development of heat in the deposited metal when gently struck, and published a brief account of it in the Philosophical Magazine for January 1855; since that period I have investigated the phenomenon, and have now the honour of laying the results before the Royal Society. 2. In depositing this metal by the electro-process several solutions may be successfully used, consisting of compounds of the metal either with hydrochloric or tartaric acid; but those I have generally operated with have consisted,—1st, of ordinary chloride of antimony (as prepared for pharmaceutical purposes) nearly saturated with antimony, by suspending a plate of that metal in it as an anode, and passing an electric current from several pairs of zinc and silver batteries through it until a copious deposit of bright metal occurred, and until its yellow colour had nearly disappeared; and 2nd, of five parts of tartar-emetic and five parts of tartaric acid, dissolved in a mixture of two parts of hydrochloric acid and thirty parts of water; each solution being filtered before using. A most excellent solution in lieu of the first may quickly be formed by saturating ordinary chloride of antimony with tartar-emetic, using about three or four parts of the former to one of the latter; or by dissolving two parts of tartar-emetic in three parts of hydrochloric acid. I have also in place of that liquid occasionally used hydrochloric acid saturated with antimony by the battery process; and sometimes a liquid composed of seven parts of tartar-emetic dissolved in a mixture of eight parts of hydrochloric acid and four parts of water., Substituting pure acid, distilled water, and pure antimony, for those of the ordinary quality, made no material difference in the results. Each solution requires to be electrolysed a short time before it yields a good and uniform deposit.


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