The Effect of Untreated and Acidified Biochar on NH3-N Emissions from Slurry Digestate

The development of new options to reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions during slurry manure storage is still required due to the shortcomings of the current technologies. This study aimed to identify to what extent untreated and acid-treated biochar (BC) and pure acids could reduce ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) volatilization and increase nitrogen retention in slurry digestate. The NH3-N emissions were effectively reduced by H2SO4 and H3PO4 acids, untreated BC when applied mixed into the digestate and acidified BC treatments applied on the surface of the digestate. Acidification increased the specific surface area and number of O-containing surface functional groups of the BC and decreased the pH, alkalinity and the hydrophobic property. Compared to untreated BC, the ability of BC to reduce NH3-N emissions was greater when it was acidified with H2SO4 and applied to the digestate surface. The effect on digestate pH of acidified BC when applied mixed into the digestate was not different, except for H2O2, from that of the addition of the respective pure acid to digestate. The total N concentration in digestate was not significantly correlated with NH3-N emissions. These findings indicate that acidified BC could be an effective conditioner to reduce NH3-N emissions from slurry digestate storage.

Understanding the role played by protic ionic liquids (PILs) and the substituent effect for enhancing the generation of Z-cinnamic acid derivatives

Cinnamic acids in their PIL form are more reactive than in their pure acid forms toward photoisomerization. This knowledge is successfully used for establishing an efficient and practical synthetic protocol for synthesizing Z-cinnamic derivatives.

Cesium Salt of Sodium 30-Tungstopentaphosphate: An Effective and Green Polyoxometalate for Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles along with Decoration of Titanium Dioxide with Gold Nanoparticles for Bleaching of Malachite Green

For the first time, capability of the cesium salt of sodium 30-tungstopentaphosphate, the so-called Preyssler’s anion (CsP5), as a green and eco-friendly polyoxometalate was investigated in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles and decoration of titanium dioxide with gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles and nanocomposites were characterized by TEM, XRD, UV, and FTIR. TEM images showed that the gold nanoparticles have tubular and spherical shapes and particle size ranges from 10 to 25 nm. For gold-decorated titanium dioxide/Preyssler, a comparison between pure and amine-modified titanium dioxide showed higher loading of gold nanoparticles on amine-functionalized titanium dioxide. The performance of CsP5was compared with its pure acid (HP5). Our findings showed that CsP5, as a catalytic linker to bind onto titanium dioxide surface for reducing gold nanoparticles, renders decoration better than HP5in both pure and modified titanium dioxide. In addition, efficiency of the photocatalytic bleaching of malachite green by the synthesized nanocomposites was found to be excellent.

Mise en évidence d'un nouvel acide tungstique en solution. Filiations avec d'autres polytungstates

A new tungstic acid has been prepared in aqueous solutions by ion exchange. At room temperature gelation occurs in solutions in a few hours, and 3 or 4 days after, the yellow oxide WO3 precipitates. In aqueous solutions, this acid is formed by tetramers of W6O192− units, which give a gel after association. X-ray analyses of tungstic acid in the solid state demonstrate the absence of crystallinity. In hydroorganic medium, tungstic acid is stabilized in solution, but exists in equilibrium with the Y tungstic and hexatungstic (Fuchs) anions. The condensation of the Y acid and one of its reduced forms is discussed. The pure acid forms of hexatungstic (Fuchs) and Y ions are obtained in solutions and in the solid state.

Sur quelques réactions acide–base dans les solvants fortement basiques anhydres. I. Éthylènediamine

The neutralization of 20 monobasic acids of various strength in anhydrous ethylenediamine was studied potentiometrically using a platinum indicating electrode. The base used was the solvent anion's lithium salt LiHNC2H4NH2. Potential jumps ranging from 1 300 mV for hydrochloric acid to 150 mV for diphenylmethane were obtained. The latter compound was the least acidic ( [Formula: see text]) to react with the base. By plotting the half-neutralization potentials against the [Formula: see text] values of the literature and extrapolating towards the potential obtained with the pure solvent, the [Formula: see text] of ethylenediamine was estimated as 38. The potentials of the pure acid solutions varied little from one acid to another, which corroborates the opinion that even strong electrolytes are little dissociated in ethylenediamine. The potentials at half-neutralization, however, were much more different. These facts suggest that in this solvent acid strength is not as directly related to the degree of dissociation as in aqueous solutions. The neutralization of several dibasic acids was also attempted. Some were found to be too insoluble, the others gave unusual curves, which are difficult to explain.La neutralisation de 20 acides monobasiques de différentes forces dans l'éthylènediamine anhydre a été étudiée par potentiométrie avec une électrode indicatrice de platine. La base utilisée était le sel de lithium de l'anion du solvant LiHNC2H4NH2. Les sauts de potentiel variaient entre 1 300 mV pour l'acide chlorhydrique et 150 mV pour le diphénylméthane, qui était le composé le moins acide ( [Formula: see text]) à réagir avec la base. Si on porte les potentiels mesurés à la demi-neutralisation en fonction des [Formula: see text] de la littérature et si on extrapole jusqu'au potentiel obtenu avec le solvant pur, on trouve une valeur de 38 pour le [Formula: see text] de l'éthylènediamine. Les potentiels obtenus avec les solutions des différents acides purs variaient peu entre eux, ce qui confirme l'opinion que même les électrolytes forts sont peu dissociés dans l'éthylènediamine. Cependant, les potentiels à la demi-neutralisation variaient beaucoup plus d'un acide à l'autre. Ces faits semblent indiquer que dans ce solvant la force des acides ne varie pas aussi directement avec le degré de dissociation que dans les solutions aqueuses. La neutralisation de plusieurs acides polybasiques a été essayée également. Plusieurs de ces acides n'étaient pas assez solubles et les autres donnaient des courbes particulières, qui ne sont pas faciles à interpréter.

Elution Column Preparation of Leaf Sample for Flame Photometry. II. Determination of Calcium in Tobacco

A simplified method of preparing tobacco samples for calcium determination was sought. Timed leachings of tobacco indicated that cation exchange phenomena operated in systems containing calcium, potassium, tobacco cellulose, and water. Affinities of the cations involved were such that hydrogen ion exchanged with calcium and displaced it into solution. An elutive treatment was developed, based on this property, whereby the readsorption of calcium could be successfully reduced. A radiation buffer technique of flame photometric examination eliminated the effect of potassium interference on calcium determination, allowing calcium and potassium to be run on the same eluate when treated as follows: Tobacco is mixed with acid-washed Celite 545, topped with pure acid-washed Celite 545, and eluted with 3N HCl. The eluate is made to 1000 ml and a portion is withdrawn and compared against standards containing the equivalent amount of acid for potassium determination. A 50 ml aliquot of eluate is then made to 100 ml with sufficient potassium of any convenient concentration, such as 15 ml of 2000 ppm potassium, so as to yield a final solution containing 300 ppm K. Calcium is compared to similarly prepared flame photometry standards.

SOME EFFECTS OF 4-(MCPB) WHEN USED AS A SELECTIVE HERBICIDE ON CELERY GROWN ON ORGANIC SOIL

4-(MCPB) can safely be applied as a selective herbicide to celery plants at rates up to 36 ounces of pure acid per acre. Several varieties grown on organic soils have shown a great degree of tolerance to this hormone type of herbicide although the reaction was not the same for all varieties. There was little influence on the uptake of phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium by celery following the application of this herbicide. 4-(MCPB) does not influence the quality of celery or shorten its storage life when applied at rates ranging from 12 to 72 ounces of acid equivalent per acre.

A radioactive tracer study of the behaviour of long chain organic molecules on solid surfaces

The adsorption and possible mechanisms for the surface transport of stearic acid and some of its derivatives on solids have been investigated using radioactive tracers.� mono- and multimolecular layers of these compounds were deposited on quartz glass, mica, and metal specimens, which were then held at various temperatures for a short period. The resulting changes in amount and distribution of activity were determined by autoradiography or an appropriately designed Geiger tube. On unreactive surfaces such as platinum or quartz glass the pure acid is only weakly adsorbed and thermal desorption, in general, readily occurs, especially of layers deposited on an initial monolayer. Layers of copper or calcium soaps on all surfaces, either deposited as such or formed in situ, are very much more stable. There is also some evidence that desorption is favoured by the presence of water vapour. Both pure acid and soap layers have some resistance to mechanical abrasion, but none to dissolution by hot benzene unless the adsorption involves a chemical bond. Part B of the present paper describes an experimental search for a long-range surface diffusion, using the same surfaces and adsorbates. It is shown that, under favourable conditions, material desorbed from one part of a surface will readsorb elsewhere after movement over considerable distances in the vapour phase. This mechanism may account for some examples of apparent surface diffusion reported by earlier workers. If, however, this vapour phase transport is suppressed, then no evidence can be detected of a true surface diffusion over macroscopic distances.