Structure and development of the free neuromasts and lateral line system of the herring

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. S. Blaxter ◽  
J. A. B. Gray ◽  
A. C. G. Best
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Vital Staining ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Sprattus Sprattus ◽  
Anterior Trunk ◽  
Scanning Electron

Vital staining with Janus Green, phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy were used to map the distribution of free neuromast organs from first hatching, 10 mm long larvae to 100 mm long juveniles of herring (Clupea harengus L.), with some further observations on juvenile sprat (Sprattus sprattus (L.)). Neuromasts are sparsely distributed on the head and trunk at hatching but soon proliferate on the trunk where, by a length of 13–15 mm, they occur one to every segment. Near metamorphosis there are at least three rows of neuromasts on the anterior trunk region, 6–9 single neuromasts on the caudal fin and as many as 50 on the head. The scales develop at about 40–50 mm and the neuromasts are then found singly or in groups of 2 or 3 on the surface of the scales of the anterior trunk.The lateral line develops at 22–24 mm and appears to incorporate existing free neuromasts on the side of the head. Unlike the cupulae of the free neuromasts, which are cylindrical, the lateral-line cupulae are thin erect plates lying along the axis of the canals. They are probably continually growing and being shed, followed by renewed growth.All neuromasts contain hair cells of opposing polarities; most free neuromasts are arranged with these polarities arranged fore-and-aft, but a few are dorsoventral.

S-100 protein is a selective marker for sensory hair cells of the lateral line system in teleosts

2002 ◽  
Vol 329 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Abbate ◽  
S Catania ◽  
A Germanà ◽  
T González ◽  
B Diaz-Esnal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Selective Marker ◽  
Line System ◽  
Sensory Hair ◽  
Sensory Hair Cells ◽  
S 100

Gentamicin is ototoxic to all hair cells in the fish lateral line system

2010 ◽  
Vol 261 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Van Trump ◽  
Sheryl Coombs ◽  
Kyle Duncan ◽  
Matthew J. McHenry
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System

scholarly journals Larval zebrafish rapidly sense the water flow of a predator's strike

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. McHenry ◽  
K.E. Feitl ◽  
J.A. Strother ◽  
W.J. Van Trump
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Escape Response ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Novel Device ◽  
Larval Fishes ◽  
Mechanosensory Hair Cells

Larval fishes have a remarkable ability to sense and evade the feeding strike of a predator fish with a rapid escape manoeuvre. Although the neuromuscular control of this behaviour is well studied, it is not clear what stimulus allows a larva to sense a predator. Here we show that this escape response is triggered by the water flow created during a predator's strike. Using a novel device, the impulse chamber, zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) larvae were exposed to this accelerating flow with high repeatability. Larvae responded to this stimulus with an escape response having a latency (mode=13–15 ms) that was fast enough to respond to predators. This flow was detected by the lateral line system, which includes mechanosensory hair cells within the skin. Pharmacologically ablating these cells caused the escape response to diminish, but then recover as the hair cells regenerated. These findings demonstrate that the lateral line system plays a role in predator evasion at this vulnerable stage of growth in fishes.

On The Fine Structure of Lateral-Line Canal Organs of the Herring (Clupea Harengus)

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mørup Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Pressure Waves ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Lateral Line Canal ◽  
Lower Vertebrates

The lateral-line system of water-living lower vertebrates is provided with mechanoreceptors enabling the animals to detect water displacements, either caused by moving objects such as prey, predators or neighbours in a school or by deformations of pressure waves from the swimming animal caused by other objects. Cyclostomes, some fish and water–living amphibians have their lateral-line organs situated superficially in the epidermis as free neuromasts, while most fish besides these neuromasts possess a canal system in the dermis. Ordinarily the lateral line canal system consists of a few canals on the sides of the head and a trunk canal. In herring, however, the canal system is confined to the head and opercule. It forms a very richly branched system with numerous pores which connect the canal fluid with the surrounding sea water.

scholarly journals Insights into Electroreceptor Development and Evolution from Molecular Comparisons with Hair Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare V H Baker ◽  
Melinda S Modrell
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Hair Cell ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Ribbon Synapses

Abstract The vertebrate lateral line system comprises a mechanosensory division, with neuromasts containing hair cells that detect local water movement (“distant touch”); and an electrosensory division, with electrosensory organs that detect the weak, low-frequency electric fields surrounding other animals in water (primarily used for hunting). The entire lateral line system was lost in the amniote lineage with the transition to fully terrestrial life; the electrosensory division was lost independently in several lineages, including the ancestors of frogs and of teleost fishes. (Electroreception with different characteristics subsequently evolved independently within two teleost lineages.) Recent gene expression studies in a non-teleost actinopterygian fish suggest that electroreceptor ribbon synapses employ the same transmission mechanisms as hair cell ribbon synapses, and show that developing electrosensory organs express transcription factors essential for hair cell development, including Atoh1 and Pou4f3. Previous hypotheses for electroreceptor evolution suggest either that electroreceptors and hair cells evolved independently in the vertebrate ancestor from a common ciliated secondary cell, or that electroreceptors evolved from hair cells. The close developmental and putative physiological similarities implied by the gene expression data support the latter hypothesis, i.e., that electroreceptors evolved in the vertebrate ancestor as a “sister cell-type” to lateral line hair cells.

The mechanical relationships between the clupeid swimbladder, inner ear and lateral line

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Denton ◽  
J. H. S. Blaxter
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System

INTRODUCTIONIn earlier papers (Allen, Blaxter & Denton, 1976; Blaxter & Denton, 1976) an account was given of the development and structure of the swimbladder-bulla-lateral line system of the herring Clupea harengus L. and sprat Clupea sprattus (L.) and its function in the larval stage. In this paper we describe experiments on juveniles of these species in which the system is fully developed.

S100 protein is a useful and specific marker for hair cells of the lateral line system in postembryonic zebrafish

2004 ◽  
Vol 365 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Germana ◽  
F Abbate ◽  
T González-Martı́nez ◽  
M.E del Valle ◽  
F de Carlos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
S100 Protein ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Line System

Mechanical factors in the excitation of clupeid lateral lines

1983 ◽  
Vol 218 (1210) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Rigid Bodies ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Line System ◽  
Lateral Line Canal

The excitation of lateral line sense organs (neuromasts) might be expected to depend on differences of movement between the liquid inside the main lateral line canals (the ones that contain the neuromasts) and the walls of these canals. We have investigated this net movement in relation to events in the water around fish. Liquid displacements inside a given part of a main lateral line canal of the sprat ( Sprattus sprattus (L.)) are, at any one frequency, linearly related to those in the medium (sea water) adjacent to this part. For the parts of the canal system studied, and below about 80 Hz, the ratio of displacement inside the canal to that in the medium falls with frequency, i. e. the displacement inside the canal follows the velocity in the medium. Sea water displacements in a given length of a main lateral line canal system are proportional to the component of the external velocity that is parallel to the canal. For this component the ratio of displacements inside and outside the lateral line approaches unity at around 80 Hz. The behaviour of a lateral line canal is close to that of a straight capillary tube of roughly the same cross sectional area. Displacements in the canal are advanced in phase relative to those in the external medium and these phase advances are a little larger than those found in capillaries. There is very little mechanical coupling between neighbouring parts of the main canals. Since the cupulae of the neuromasts of the sprat lateral line are driven by frictional forces, the stimulus to a neuromast will (below 80 Hz) be proportional to the acceleration of the medium adjacent to the lateral line. Sprats and fish of three other species ( Clupea harengus L., Hyperoplus lanceolatus (Lesauvage), and Trachurus trachurus (L.) have been shown, when suspended in sound fields emitted by pulsating and vibrating sources, to behave longitudinally as rigid bodies. Under many conditions it proved possible to calculate the longitudinal movements of fish from the differences of pressure between snout and tail. From these two kinds of result we have calculated for a variety of positions in fields around vibrating bodies the motion of a fish and the motion of the liquid in the canals and so estimated the effective stimulus to different parts of the lateral line system. When such calculations were made for a vibrating source of the dimensions of a sprat tail, and for distances comparable to the inter-fish distance within a school, we found that the patterns of net velocities at different neuromasts change dramatically with the position or angle of the fish relative to the source. We estimate that the sprat lateral line system excited in this way could detect a neighbouring fish in a school at distances of up to a few fish lengths. The sprat lateral line sensory system is well suited to giving sensory information in such activities as schooling.

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