The mechanical relationships between the clupeid swimbladder, inner ear and lateral line

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Denton ◽  
J. H. S. Blaxter
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System

INTRODUCTIONIn earlier papers (Allen, Blaxter & Denton, 1976; Blaxter & Denton, 1976) an account was given of the development and structure of the swimbladder-bulla-lateral line system of the herring Clupea harengus L. and sprat Clupea sprattus (L.) and its function in the larval stage. In this paper we describe experiments on juveniles of these species in which the system is fully developed.

The Functional Anatomy and Development of the Swimbladder-Inner Ear-Lateral Line System in Herring and Sprat

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Allen ◽  
J. H. S. Blaxter ◽  
E. J. Denton
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Brevoortia Tyrannus ◽  
Line System ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Sardine ◽  
A Chain

INTRODUCTIONThe herring Clupea harengus L. and sprat Sprattus sprattus (L.) are physostomatous teleosts with narrow ducts connecting the swimbladder to both the gut and cloaca. With other clupeoids these two species were of great interest to the anatomists of previous generations because of the further tubular connexions between the swimbladder and air-filled otic bullae close to the labyrinth of the inner ear. Together with the Ostariophysi, which have a chain of Weberian ossicles between the swimbladder and the inner ear, the clupeoids were thought to have enhanced hearing compared with many other teleosts as a result of coupling the ear to the swimbladder.Despite such interest in the system the earlier literature is very fragmented, with the descriptions ranging over at least a dozen clupeoid species, and much of the work was done on fairly advanced juvenile or on adult fish. Ridewood (1891) examined the swimbladder-inner ear relationship in adult herring, pilchard Clupea pilchardus, sprat, shad C. alosa, twaite C. finta and anchovy Engraulis encrasicholus; Tracy (1920) made a similar study of the American Atlantic clupeoids – the shad Alosa sapidissima, alewife Pomolobus pseudoharengus, summer herring P. aestivalis, fall herring P. mediocris and menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus and O'Connell (1955) of the Pacific sardine Sardinops caerulea and anchovy Engraulis mordax. Wohlfahrt (1936) considered the total swimbladder-inner ear-lateral line relationship in 100–120 mm pilchards, recognizing the much less obvious connexion between the perilymph and the lateral line through a membrane in the skull. The presence of such a connexion had been suggested earlier by Tracy (1920).

Function of Theswimbladder-Inner Ear-Lateral Line System of Herring in the Young Stages

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. S. Blaxter ◽  
E. J. Denton
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Line System ◽  
Lateral Recess

INTRODUCTIONThe preceding paper (Allen, Blaxter & Denton, 1976) describes the development of the swimbladder-inner ear-lateral line system of the herring.In the larval stage of herring the pro-otic bullae start to develop at a body length of about 18 mm. Between 18 and 30 mm the bullae become filled with gas. At 26 mm the lateral recess membrane starts to develop, becoming silvered at about 42 mm. The lateral line develops between 19 and 45 mm. The swimbladder silvers and contains gas from about 38 mm. The adult system is complete at 50–60 mm body length, some four months after hatching.This paper concerns the system in its intermediate stages of development. It examines the problems of how the bullae are filled with gas and how the gas spaces are maintained. It gives evidence on the possible roles of the gas-filled spaces as hydrostatic pressure receptors and as aids to buoyancy and discusses the limitations of the system before it can gain or lose gas to a gas-filled swimbladder.

On The Fine Structure of Lateral-Line Canal Organs of the Herring (Clupea Harengus)

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mørup Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Pressure Waves ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Lateral Line Canal ◽  
Lower Vertebrates

The lateral-line system of water-living lower vertebrates is provided with mechanoreceptors enabling the animals to detect water displacements, either caused by moving objects such as prey, predators or neighbours in a school or by deformations of pressure waves from the swimming animal caused by other objects. Cyclostomes, some fish and water–living amphibians have their lateral-line organs situated superficially in the epidermis as free neuromasts, while most fish besides these neuromasts possess a canal system in the dermis. Ordinarily the lateral line canal system consists of a few canals on the sides of the head and a trunk canal. In herring, however, the canal system is confined to the head and opercule. It forms a very richly branched system with numerous pores which connect the canal fluid with the surrounding sea water.

scholarly journals The Inner Ear is Responsible for Detection of Infrasound in the Perch (Perca Fluviatilis)

1992 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
HANSERIK KARLSEN
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Line System ◽  
Frequency Detection ◽  
Perch Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Cardiac Conditioning

In a previous study of infrasound detection in the cod, the inner ear was suggested to be the sensory organ responsible for the responses. However, a possible involvement of the lateral-line system in the observed low-frequency detection could not be ruled out. The infrasound sensitivity was therefore studied in perch (Perca fluviatilis) with normal and blocked lateral-line organs. The experiments were performed using a standing wave acoustic tube and the cardiac conditioning technique. All perch readily responded to infrasound frequencies down to 0.3 Hz with threshold values of approximately 2×10−4 ms−2. These thresholds were not affected by complete blocking of the lateral-line system with Co2+, which suggests that the inner ear is responsible for the observed infrasound detection by the perch.

Ultrastructural effects of cisplatin on the inner ear and lateral line system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Giari ◽  
Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli ◽  
Laura Astolfi ◽  
Alessandro Martini
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System

Mechanical factors in the excitation of clupeid lateral lines

1983 ◽  
Vol 218 (1210) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Rigid Bodies ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Line System ◽  
Lateral Line Canal

The excitation of lateral line sense organs (neuromasts) might be expected to depend on differences of movement between the liquid inside the main lateral line canals (the ones that contain the neuromasts) and the walls of these canals. We have investigated this net movement in relation to events in the water around fish. Liquid displacements inside a given part of a main lateral line canal of the sprat ( Sprattus sprattus (L.)) are, at any one frequency, linearly related to those in the medium (sea water) adjacent to this part. For the parts of the canal system studied, and below about 80 Hz, the ratio of displacement inside the canal to that in the medium falls with frequency, i. e. the displacement inside the canal follows the velocity in the medium. Sea water displacements in a given length of a main lateral line canal system are proportional to the component of the external velocity that is parallel to the canal. For this component the ratio of displacements inside and outside the lateral line approaches unity at around 80 Hz. The behaviour of a lateral line canal is close to that of a straight capillary tube of roughly the same cross sectional area. Displacements in the canal are advanced in phase relative to those in the external medium and these phase advances are a little larger than those found in capillaries. There is very little mechanical coupling between neighbouring parts of the main canals. Since the cupulae of the neuromasts of the sprat lateral line are driven by frictional forces, the stimulus to a neuromast will (below 80 Hz) be proportional to the acceleration of the medium adjacent to the lateral line. Sprats and fish of three other species ( Clupea harengus L., Hyperoplus lanceolatus (Lesauvage), and Trachurus trachurus (L.) have been shown, when suspended in sound fields emitted by pulsating and vibrating sources, to behave longitudinally as rigid bodies. Under many conditions it proved possible to calculate the longitudinal movements of fish from the differences of pressure between snout and tail. From these two kinds of result we have calculated for a variety of positions in fields around vibrating bodies the motion of a fish and the motion of the liquid in the canals and so estimated the effective stimulus to different parts of the lateral line system. When such calculations were made for a vibrating source of the dimensions of a sprat tail, and for distances comparable to the inter-fish distance within a school, we found that the patterns of net velocities at different neuromasts change dramatically with the position or angle of the fish relative to the source. We estimate that the sprat lateral line system excited in this way could detect a neighbouring fish in a school at distances of up to a few fish lengths. The sprat lateral line sensory system is well suited to giving sensory information in such activities as schooling.

scholarly journals Histone Demethylase PHF8 Is Required for the Development of the Zebrafish Inner Ear and Posterior Lateral Line

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing He ◽  
Zhiwei Zheng ◽  
Xianyang Luo ◽  
Yongjun Hong ◽  
Wenling Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Histone Demethylase ◽  
Otic Vesicle ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Line System ◽  
Posterior Lateral Line

Histone demethylase PHF8 is crucial for multiple developmental processes, and hence, the awareness of its function in developing auditory organs needs to be increased. Using in situ hybridization (ISH) labeling, the mRNA expression of PHF8 in the zebrafish lateral line system and otic vesicle was monitored. The knockdown of PHF8 by morpholino significantly disrupted the development of the posterior lateral line system, which impacted cell migration and decreased the number of lateral line neuromasts. The knockdown of PHF8 also resulted in severe malformation of the semicircular canal and otoliths in terms of size, quantity, and position during the inner ear development. The loss of function of PHF8 also induced a defective differentiation in sensory hair cells in both lateral line neuromasts and the inner ear. ISH analysis of embryos that lacked PHF8 showed alterations in the expression of many target genes of several signaling pathways concerning cell migration and deposition, including the Wnt and FGF pathways. In summary, the current findings established PHF8 as a novel epigenetic element in developing auditory organs, rendering it a potential candidate for hearing loss therapy.

Structure and development of the free neuromasts and lateral line system of the herring

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. S. Blaxter ◽  
J. A. B. Gray ◽  
A. C. G. Best
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Vital Staining ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Sprattus Sprattus ◽  
Anterior Trunk ◽  
Scanning Electron

Vital staining with Janus Green, phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy were used to map the distribution of free neuromast organs from first hatching, 10 mm long larvae to 100 mm long juveniles of herring (Clupea harengus L.), with some further observations on juvenile sprat (Sprattus sprattus (L.)). Neuromasts are sparsely distributed on the head and trunk at hatching but soon proliferate on the trunk where, by a length of 13–15 mm, they occur one to every segment. Near metamorphosis there are at least three rows of neuromasts on the anterior trunk region, 6–9 single neuromasts on the caudal fin and as many as 50 on the head. The scales develop at about 40–50 mm and the neuromasts are then found singly or in groups of 2 or 3 on the surface of the scales of the anterior trunk.The lateral line develops at 22–24 mm and appears to incorporate existing free neuromasts on the side of the head. Unlike the cupulae of the free neuromasts, which are cylindrical, the lateral-line cupulae are thin erect plates lying along the axis of the canals. They are probably continually growing and being shed, followed by renewed growth.All neuromasts contain hair cells of opposing polarities; most free neuromasts are arranged with these polarities arranged fore-and-aft, but a few are dorsoventral.

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