scholarly journals Immunological relationships during primary infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematospiroides dubius): the capacity of adult worms to survive following transplantation to recipient mice

Parasitology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Behnke ◽  
Diane J. Williams ◽  
J. Hannah ◽  
D. I. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Duration Of Infection ◽  
Nematospiroides Dubius ◽  
Single Worm

SUMMARYChronic primary infections with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematospiroides dubius) are still relatively poorly documented, particularly in relation to the role of host resistance in limiting worm survival. In the present work the duration of infection with H. polygyrus was studied in CFLP mice given doses of infective larvae ranging from 50 to 500 L3. The least heavily infected (50 L3) group ceased egg production earliest (week 36) whereas eggs were still detected in the faeces of mice given 500 larvae in week 42. At autopsy (week 42) mice given 50 larvae had virtually lost their entire worm burden with 5 out of 11 mice still harbouring a single worm each. However, all the mice in the group given 500 larvae were still infected, the highest worm burden being 93. The concentration of serum IgGl and specific antibody was highest in mice given 500 larvae, but sera taken from mice with declining worm burdens 19–38 weeks post-infection did not contain detectable host-protective antibody. During the course of infection in CFLP mice, H, polygyrus sustained irreversible changes in its capacity for subsequent survival. Thus, adult worms transferred to naive mice 2, 7, 14, 30 or 36 weeks post-infection did not live longer than worms of a comparable age in the respective donor group. In contrast, primary infection worms taken from jirds in which expulsion is usually completed by 6 weeks post-infection, re-established in mice and survived considerably longer than in the group of donor jirds. These results were discussed in relation to the possible interactions between parasite senility and immunomodulation, and host resistance in limiting primary infections with H. polygyrus in mice and jirds.

Immunological relationships during primary infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematospiroides dubius): H-2 linked genes determine worm survival

Parasitology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Behnke ◽  
F. N. Wahid
Keyword(s):  
Primary Infection ◽  
Congenic Mouse ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Duration Of Infection ◽  
Response Phenotype ◽  
Nematospiroides Dubius ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Congenic Mouse Strains

The course of primary infection was studied in BALB and B10 H-2 congenic mouse strains. The duration of infection, as assessed with regular faecal egg counts and worm burdens, was shorter in mice carrying the H-2s, H-2d or H-2q haplotypes when compared to mice with H-2b. Strains with H-2k were intermediate. An experiment was carried out to test the hypothesis proposed by Wassom, Krco & David (1987) predicting that the progeny of I–E+ve mouse strains crossed with I–E-ve strains, would show susceptibility rather than resistance to infection. This hypothesis was not substantiated by our data and we conclude that it does not apply to primary infections with Heligmosomoides polygyrus. It is proposed that the gene products of at least two loci within the H-2 (associated with the H-2b and H-2k haplotypes) are crucial in determining the response phenotype of mice to primary infection with H. polygyrus. One allele, (associated with the H-2b haplotype) may be preferentially affected by parasite-mediated immunosuppression.

The effect of nutrition on the periparturient parasite status of mature ewes

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Donaldson ◽  
M. F. J. van Houtert ◽  
A. R. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Dual Infection ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasitism ◽  
Protein Supply

AbstractThe rôle of nutrition in the periparturient breakdown of resistance to gastrointestinal parasitism in mature ewes was investigated. Host resistance around this period, as measured by faecal egg concentration and worm burden, was sensitive to protein supply and to a lesser extent energy supply and body condition. Resistance was significantly less in ewes bearing and suckling twin lambs than those with singles. Differences in larval intakes spanning the range likely to be experienced in practice did not appear to be important. In dual infection with Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis, the breakdown of resistance occurred almost exclusively with T. circumcincta confirming previous evidence of parasite species specificity in the periparturient breakdown of resistance.

Immunological realtionships during primary infection with Heligmosomides polygyrus (Nematospiroides dubius): expulsion of adult worms from fast responder syngeneic and hybrid strains of mice

Parasitology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. N. Wahid ◽  
M. Robinson ◽  
J. M Behnke
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Time Course ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Worm Expulsion ◽  
Nematospiroides Dubius ◽  
The One ◽  
Identical Gene

SUMMARYThe time-course of low and high intensity primary infections with Heligmosomoides polygyrus was monitored in SJL and SWR mice, both of which usually expel worms within 7 weeks of larval administration. Worm expulsion in these strains was not dependent on the intensity of infection, with low and high intensity worm burdens being lost within the same period of time. The ability to expel worms rapidly was inherited in a dominant manner in F1 offspring of SJL or SWR mice mated with C57Bl10 mice; the latter being a strain in which no loss of worms was evident within 10 weeks of infection. However, neither (SJL × C57Bl10)F1 nor (SWR × C57Bl10)F1 mice expelled worms as rapidly as the parental SJL and SWR strains. (SWR × B10G)F1 [H-2q] mice eliminated worms faster than (SWR × C57Bl10)F1 [H-2bq], suggesting that the b haplotype had a moderating influence on the expulsion process. In fact (SWR × B10G)F1 mice showed a significant reduction in worm burdens by week 4 but by weeks 6–8 the rate of worm loss had slowed considerably. In contrast, SJL and SWR mice, whilst initiating rejection slightly later, (after week 4) expelled all worms within the following 2 weeks. Thus two distinct patterns of response were observed among the fast responder strains as exemplified by SWR and SJL mice on the one hand and (SWR × B10G)F1 on the other. Our results support the hypothesis that the course of a primary infection with H. polygyrus is influenced by multiple host gene loci, some of which are encoded within the MHC. SJL and SWR mice probably have similar if not identical gene combinations at loci which determine a fast responder phenotype, distinguishing them from the other mouse strains which have been studied.

Nematospiroides dubius: the course of primary, secondary and tertiary infections in high and low responder Biozzi mice

Parasitology ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Jenkins ◽  
Trudi S. Carrington
Keyword(s):  
Primary Infection ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
High Responder ◽  
Macrophage Activity ◽  
Low Responders ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Responder ◽  
Nematospiroides Dubius

SUMMARYBiozzi mice of Selections 1 and 3, each exhibiting either high- or low- antibody responses to a wide range of antigens, were exposed to primary, secondary and tertiary infections of the nematode, Nematospiroides dubius. The course of these infections was followed by monitoring egg output and by examination of the worm burdens on the 14th day after each exposure to the parasite. When exposed to a primary infection, high and low responders were equally susceptible to the parasite, and the egg production of the infections was similar in all groups. However, when the mice were exposed to a 2nd infection of N. dubius, marked differences in the susceptibility of the hosts were seen. The high-responder mice of both Selections 1 and 3 were significantly more resistant to infection, far less adult worms being found in these. Resistance to a 3rd and final infection of the parasite was amplified appreciably in all groups but, again, the high-responder mice were significantly more resistant than the low responders. These results imply that host antibodies play an essential role in immunity to this parasite and that resistance cannot be attributed solely to non-specific macrophage activity or cell-mediated immune reactions, since the latter are equivalent in high and low lines and the macrophages of the Ab/L line of Selection 1 are hyperactive.

scholarly journals Immunological relationships during primary infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematospiroides dubius): dose-dependent expulsion of adult worms

Parasitology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Robinson ◽  
F. Wahid ◽  
J. M. Behnke ◽  
F. S. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Primary Infection ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Data Set ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Nematospiroides Dubius ◽  
Parasite Loss ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Marked Dependence

SummaryThe survival of Heligmosomoides polygyrus was monitored during primary infections in female C57Bl10, NIH and BALB/c mice at low and high intensities of infection. Survivorship curves were fitted for each data set and analysed. C57Bl10 mice, given either low or high intensities of infection, harboured parasites for 28–37 weeks, heavier infections surviving marginally but significantly longer. Essentially the survivorship curves of H. polygyrus in C57Bl10 mice could be accounted for by senility, the increased probability of worms with a longer life-span occurring at high infection intensities and, possibly, by a contribution from host-protective immune mechanisms in the terminal stages of infection. The pattern of survivorship was different in NIH and BALB/c mice. NIH mice showed weak but significant density-dependent suppression of parasite loss and infections in this strain did not exceed 27·5 weeks in duration. Primary infections in BALB/c mice were briefer still and showed marked dependence on parasite density. Thus low-level infections lasted 10–15 weeks whereas heavier infections survived for 21–34 weeks. The data suggested that both strains developed host-protective responses to adult H. polygyrus and that parasite survival was curtailed earlier than would be expected if senility alone was involved. The hybrid strains (C57Bl10 × NIH)F1 and (B10G × NIH)F1 both expelled H. polygyrus in a dose-dependent manner, worm loss commencing within 10 weeks of infection. In some experiments worm loss was clearly evident by weeks 4 and 6. These hybrid strains showed gene complementation in that adult worms were cleared considerably earlier than in parental strains.

Interactions between Moniliformis (Acanthocephala) and Nippostrongylus (Nematoda) in the small intestine of laboratory rats

Parasitology ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia Holland
Keyword(s):  
Primary Infection ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Concurrent Infections ◽  
Cross Immunity

SUMMARYRats harbouring a 35-day-old primary infection of Moniliformis dubius were inoculated with constant doses of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and 10 days later, after post mortem examination, rats with concurrent infections harboured significantly fewer Nippostrongylus than rats with single infections. Similar infections of Moniliformis were carried out, but with post mortem taking place on days 8,9, 12 and 14 of the Nippostrongylus infections. On days 8 and 9 of infection, rats with concurrent infections did not harbour significantly fewer Nippostrongylus compared with single infections. Both single and concurrent infections of 12-and 14-day-old Nippostrongylus were found to harbour lower numbers of worms. In the single infection this corresponds to the timing of the typical immune expulsion of a primary single infection which takes place on approximately day 12 of infection. The Moniliformis population was not significantly affected, in terms of numbers, dry weight and length, although each parasite population did show a slight shift in site in the presence of the other. A significant reduction in egg production by Nippostrongylus was detected throughout concurrent infection. The possible role of non-reciprocal cross-immunity is discussed as an explanation for the apparent early expulsion of the Nippostrongylus population in the presence of Moniliformis.

scholarly journals Immunity to adult Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematospiroides dubius): survival or rejection of adult worms following transplantation to mice refractory to larval challenge

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Robinson ◽  
J. M. Behnke ◽  
D.J.L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Adult Worm ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Delicate Balance ◽  
Specific Immunity ◽  
Nematospiroides Dubius ◽  
Genetically Determined

ABSTRACTExperiments were carried out to explore the survival of 14-day adult H. polygyrus following transplantation to mice of four strains, immunized by various protocols. Adult worm establishment and survival was unimpaired in CFLP mice which were totally refractory to larval challenge. Transplanted adult worms were also successful in NIH mice immunized by the 9-day abbreviated infection regime. However, NIH mice exposed to irradiated larvae or subjected to the divided primary infection, expelled transplanted adults. The 9-day abbreviated infection was further examined in SJL and (C57 Bl10 X NIH) F1 mice which expel adult worms during a primary infection and although this regime was unsuccessful in causing NIH mice to reject adult worms, expulsion of adult worms was accelerated in SJL and F1 mice. The survival of adult H. polygyrus was discussed in the context of stage-specific immunity and the delicate balance between the immunogenic stimuli from developing larvae, the immunomodulatory activities of adult stages and the host's genetically determined capacity to respond to these opposing signals.

Immunity to intestinal tapeworms: the rejection of Hymenolepis citelli by mice

Parasitology ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Hopkins ◽  
H. E. Stallard
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Peromyscus Maniculatus ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Maximum Weight ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
Stomach Tube ◽  
Single Worm

Approximately 90% of Hymenolepis citelli cysticercoids given to 6-week-old male CFLP mice by stomach tube became established. Equally high recovery rates were obtained from administering 1, 3 and 6 cysticercoids.In 1-worm infections worms increase in weight until about day 25–28 post infection. After a few days at maximum weight (mean weights of worms 24–42 mg) there is a small, 10–25%, decrease in weight, after which there is little change in weight up to day 90 (as long as studied).One-worm infections survived without loss until day 30, after which a slow loss occurred, but only in two experiments, both with older mice, did loss exceed 50% by day 80. In 3-worm infections worms were rejected between days 17 and 30, but loss varied from 50 to 80% during this period in replicate experiments. With 6-worm infections rejection occurred over a shorter period (days 17–22), was more uniform between experiments and was more complete, over 75% of worms being lost. In both 3- and 6-worm infections a residual population, usually of only a single worm, persisted in 20–50% of the mice until the end of the experiments (day 63–78).Cortisone prevented loss of worms from both 3- and 6-worm infections; worms continued to grow until day 25 ± 2 (as in 1-worm infections), by which time they were considerably larger than (the surviving) worms in mice not receiving cortisone. The biomass (worm burden per mouse) remained constant from day 25 to 55 in mice receiving cortisone.The results are discussed with particular reference to: H. diminuta and the evidence that mice do mount an immunological response against tapeworms in the intestine; the existence of an antigenic threshold in mice; the apparent existence of a similar rejection pattern in a natural population of H. citelli in Peromyscus maniculatus, and hence the importance of immunity as a factor preventing gradual increase in number of tapeworms in the intestine during the life of a host.

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