Producción de metano in vitro y parámetros fermentativos de mezclas de ensilado de girasol silvestre y pasto elefante, inoculadas o no con cepas de bacterias ácido-lácticas epífitas

The present investigation was carried out to determine the extent of the incorporation of Tithonia diversifolia (TD) and the possibility of blending it with Pennisetum purpureum (PP) to obtain the maximum benefit for ensilability and for animal nutrition. Silage mixtures of wild sunflower (TD) and elephant grass (PP) were evaluated based on chemical composition, quantification of gas production, methane release and fermentation parameters. The silage blends were arranged in four T. diversifolia / P. purpureum proportions, namely: 100/0; 67/33; 33/67; and 0/100 (fresh weight). Silages with higher proportions of T. diversifolia increased crude protein content, in vitro digestibility while decreasing NDF and ADF fractions (P<0.05). High amounts of T. diversifolia showed the lowest gas production values (160.2 ml), while treatments with higher grass inclusion produced a greater amount of gas up to 194.5 ml. Methane production was higher by increasing the proportion of P. purpureum into the silage blends. The silage inoculum did not have any impact on in vitro gas production (P<0.05). Also, higher proportions of T. diversifolia reduced acidification process while P. purpureum inclusion facilitated lower pH values. Lactic acid bacteria inoculum tended to decrease pH of silages but no clear effects on silage temperature were observed. Silages with high proportions of T. diversifolia (67 % of inclusion) would be more palatable for animals and might also translate into larger animal performance due to greater protein supply and better digestibility than silages with larger proportion of P. purpureum (67 and 100 % of inclusion).

The influence of feed quality on the development and productivity of bee queens

The research aimed to study the effect of additional protein feeding of foster families with buckwheat stalks. The research was conducted during the summer period in 2020 and 2021. Ten foster families were selected for the experiment. All families are chosen by the method of analogs. Bees were kept in beehives. The uterus of the Carpathian breed took part in the investigation. Control families were fed 200 g of sugar syrup (1:1) twice daily for 8 and 21 hours. Feeding began three days before inoculation of queen cells and continued until the time of their sealing. The experimental families were fed the same amount of sugar syrup. Still, they received an additional 0.5 kg of protein feed in the form of bee pollen from buckwheat, the average protein content of which was 22.0 ± 0.32 %. Bee pollen is obtained by selection with the help of mounted on the auxiliary families of hinged pollen catchers with a diameter of the inlet of the pollen catcher lattice 5 mm. Pruning was carried out during the flowering of buckwheat in the period from morning to 13 o'clock in the afternoon. Adding bee pollination to the feed of foster families improves the growth and development of queens. Balancing the diet by nutrients increases the reproductive performance of the uterus, which is directly proportional to the level of their protein supply. When growing queens, the introduction of additional protein components of feed into the diet of foster families in the form of buckwheat leads to an increase in the maximum load of honeycomb by 11.4 %. The level of development of the pharyngeal glands in the researcher's families was 49 % higher. Balancing the diet by nutrients increases the reproductive performance of the queens of the Carpathian breed of bees by 16 % compared to the control.

Regulatory Restrictions Across U.S. Protein Supply Chains

Food regulations protect consumer health, mitigate environmental concerns, and promote animal welfare, but they can also hinder innovation, limit entrepreneurship, and generate higher consumer prices. This study examines the number of federal and state regulatory restrictions affecting the beef, pork, poultry, sheep, goat, and seafood industries, including processing, wholesale distribution, and retail sales. We also examine state regulatory heterogeneity associated with animal protein products. Our results suggest that protein supply chains have become subject to tens of thousands of regulatory constraints over the past half-century. We also find substantial heterogeneity in the number of state restrictions associated with animal production, indicative of large differences in the amount of administrative law across states. Results highlight that the patchwork approach of U.S. food policy creates overlapping, cumbersome guidelines for manufacturers, and given the interconnectivity of modern food supply chains, the framework can create additional hurdles for interstate commerce.

Fertilizers, plant density and nutritional properties of corn grain

The article presents data on the influence of an increasing plant density of an early-ripening corn hybrid on the biochemical composition and fodder properties of grain, depending on the level of mineral nutrition. It is shown that the highest protein supply was noted for the grain obtained in the variants with nitrogen feeding; the increase in crude protein in comparison with the variants on the natural agrobackground was 1.56%. The use of complete mineral fertilization had no advantages over a single application of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers; against these nutritional backgrounds, the increase of 0.97-1.05% was obtained in relation to the unfertilized agricultural background. As the crops crowd, there is a tendency for the crude protein content in the grain to increase. Over the years of testing, the stable influence of the conditions of mineral nutrition and the plants density on the content of crude fiber, crude ash and nitrogen-free extractive substances has not been established. The grain with a higher crude fat content was obtained with the introduction of complete mineral fertilization, and the crowding of the crops led to the decrease in its content in the grain.

PSXIII-28 Late-Breaking: Lactational performance of dairy cows receiving supplemental His: A meta-analysis

The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine the effect of supplemental histidine (His) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk (MY) and energy-corrected milk (ECM) yields, and milk components in lactating dairy cows. A comprehensive meta-analysis was performed to data from 20 studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 1999 and 2021. In 12 of the studies His was supplemented to the diet as rumen-protected His and in the remaining experiments free His was infused into the abomasum (5 experiments), the jugular vein (2 experiments) or the duodenum (1 experiment) of the cows. The diets were based on corn silage in 60% and on grass silage in 40% of the studies. In studies where data were available (13 out of 20), metabolizable protein supply was estimated to be on average 98% (min = 85% and max = 110%) of NRC (2001) requirements. Computations were carried out using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (V. 3.3.070). Histidine supplementation increased (P &lt; 0.001) plasma His concentration by 59%, compared with control. Dry matter intake and MY increased (P ≤ 0.002) by 0.22 and 0.36 kg/d, respectively, whereas ECM yield tended to increase (P = 0.07) by 0.14 kg/d with His supplemented diets vs. the control. Milk protein concentration was also increased (P = 0.004) by 0.20 %-units, whereas milk fat concentration tended to decrease (P = 0.10) by 0.11 %-units with His supplementation. Further, His increased milk protein and lactose yield (P ≤ 0.05) by 0.31 and 0.14 kg/d, respectively. Overall, based on the available data, His supplementation of lactating dairy cow rations enhanced DMI, MY and milk protein concentration and yield.

PSX-B-3 Effect of infrequent nitrogen supplementation on forage utilization

Our objective was to determine the effects of differing levels of supplemental nitrogen offered daily, or every 3 d on nitrogen balance, forage intake, and digestibility in cattle consuming low-quality forage. Five ruminally cannulated Angus × Hereford steers (BW = 350 ± 71 kg) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Steers consumed low-quality bluestem hay (67.7% NDF, 4.7% CP; DM basis) ad libitum. Treatments were no supplement (CON), or cottonseed meal offered at levels providing 120 mg N/kg BW each day (L/1D) or every 3 d (L/3D), 240 mg N/kg BW every 3 d (M/3D), or 360 mg N/kg BW every 3 d (H/3D). Hay, ort, urine, and fecal samples were collected during the last 6 d of each period and ruminal fluid during the last 3 d. Total digestible OM intake was greater in L/1D (6660 g/d; P &lt; 0.01) compared to CON (4498 g/d) and increased linearly in steers supplemented intermittently (5145, 6170, and 6698 g/d for L/3D, M/3D, and H3/D, respectfully; P &lt; 0.01). Total tract OM digestibility was similar between CON and L/1D, L/3D, and H/3D (58.21, 61.21, 60.82, and 60.91%, respectively; P ≥ 0.10) but was greater in M/3D steers (63.30%; P ≤ 0.02). Reducing frequency of protein supplementation to every 3-d improved forage intake and utilization similar to daily supplementation when provided at medium (240 mg N/kg BW) or high (360 mg N/kg BW) levels. Improved efficiency of nitrogen recycling likely buffered disruptions in protein supply, maintaining intake and digestibility of low-quality forage without daily supplementation. Supplementation of protein every 3 d at 240 g N/kg BW appears to the most biologically effective strategy, increasing intake of LQF and maximizing OM digestibility and N utilization.

Identification of Ultrastructural Signatures of Sleep and Wake in the Fly Brain

The cellular consequences of sleep loss are poorly characterized. In the pyramidal neurons of mouse frontal cortex we found that mitochondria and secondary lysosomes occupy a larger proportion of the cytoplasm after chronic sleep restriction compared to sleep, consistent with increased cellular burden due to extended wake. For each morphological parameter the within-animal variance was high, suggesting that the effects of sleep and sleep loss vary greatly among neurons. However, the analysis was based on 4-5 mice/group and a single section/cell. Here, we applied serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to identify signatures of sleep and sleep loss in the Drosophila brain. Stacks of images were acquired and used to obtain full 3D reconstructions of the cytoplasm and nucleus of 263 Kenyon cells from adult flies collected after a night of sleep (S) or after 11 hours (SD11) or 35 hours (SD35) of sleep deprivation (9 flies/group). Relative to S flies, SD35 flies showed increased density of dark clusters of chromatin and of Golgi apparata and a trend increase in the percent of cell volume occupied by mitochondria, consistent with increased need for energy and protein supply during extended wake. Logistic regression models could assign each neuron to the correct experimental group with good accuracy, but in each cell nuclear and cytoplasmic changes were poorly correlated, and within-fly variance was substantial in all experimental groups. Together, these results support the presence of ultrastructural signatures of sleep and sleep loss but underscore the complexity of their effects at the single-cell level.

Reconciling Reduced Red Meat Consumption in Canada with Regenerative Grazing: Implications for GHG Emissions, Protein Supply and Land Use

This paper reconciled the soil ecology benefits of forages and ruminants with reducing GHG emissions from beef. A scenario analysis compared four integrated systems for beef, pork and broilers. Slaughter cattle diets were either business as usual (BAU) or grass fed (GF), and the combined red meat consumption could not exceed the recommendation for human health. The four consumption scenarios included (PS1) equal beef and pork with BAU beef, (PS2) equal beef and pork with GF beef, (PS3) more pork and less beef with GF beef and (PS4) more pork and less beef with BAU beef. Broiler consumption was increased to force all four scenarios to provide the same amount of protein. All four scenarios required similar feed grain areas (2.5 to 3 Mha). At 2.3, 4.4, 2.2 and 1.2 Mha for PS1, PS2, PS3 and PS4, respectively, the areas in harvestable forage showed much greater variation. From high to low GHG emissions, the ranking of scenarios was PS2, PS1, PS3 and PS4. Although allowing for avoidance of soil organic matter loss changed this ranking, the carbon footprint of beef production was still double or more that of pork in all four PS. To reconcile the agro-ecological benefits of beef with reducing GHG emissions, PS3 may be better than PS4. Along with eating more pork and broilers, and less red meat overall, consumers can choose GF beef as an occasional alternative.