Helminth species diversity of mammals: parasite species richness is a host species attribute

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (14) ◽  
pp. 1701-1705 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. BORDES ◽  
S. MORAND
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Parasite Species Richness ◽  
Trade Offs

SUMMARYStudies investigating parasite diversity have shown substantial geographical variation in parasite species richness. Most of these studies have, however, adopted a local scale approach, which may have masked more general patterns. Recent studies have shown that ectoparasite species richness in mammals seems highly repeatable among populations of the same mammal host species at a regional scale. In light of these new studies we have reinvestigated the case of parasitic helminths by using a large data set of parasites from mammal populations in 3 continents. We collected homogeneous data and demonstrated that helminth species richness is highly repeatable in mammals at a regional scale. Our results highlight the strong influence of host identity in parasite species richness and call for future research linking helminth species found in a given host to its ecology, immune defences and potential energetic trade-offs.

scholarly journals What determines parasite species richness across host species?

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 1750-1753
Author(s):  
Tad Dallas ◽  
Lauren A. Holian ◽  
Grant Foster
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Parasite Species Richness

scholarly journals Parasite infection and host group size: a meta-analytical review

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (7) ◽  
pp. 803-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
JESSE E. H. PATTERSON ◽  
KATHREEN E. RUCKSTUHL
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Host Group ◽  
Parasite Species Richness ◽  
Parasite Intensity

SUMMARYMany studies have identified various host behavioural and ecological traits that are associated with parasite infection, including host gregariousness. By use of meta-analyses, we investigated to what degree parasite prevalence, intensity and species richness are correlated with group size in gregarious species. We predicted that larger groups would have more parasites and higher parasite species richness. We analysed a total of 70 correlations on parasite prevalence, intensity and species richness across different host group sizes. Parasite intensity and prevalence both increased positively with group size, as expected. No significant relationships were found between host group size and parasite species richness, suggesting that larger groups do not harbour more rare or novel parasite species than smaller groups. We further predicted that the mobility of the host (mobile, sedentary) and the mode of parasite transmission (direct, indirect, mobile) would be important predictors of the effects of group sizes on parasite infection. It was found that group size was positively correlated with the prevalence and intensity of directly and indirectly transmitted parasites. However, a negative relationship was observed between group size and mobile parasite intensity, with larger groups having lower parasite intensities. Further, intensities of parasites did not increase with group size of mobile hosts, suggesting that host mobility may negate parasite infection risk. The implications for the evolution and maintenance of sociality in host species are discussed, and future research directions are highlighted.

Helminth parasite species richness in rodents from Southeast Asia: role of host species and habitat

2014 ◽  
Vol 113 (10) ◽  
pp. 3713-3726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Palmeirim ◽  
Frédéric Bordes ◽  
Kittipong Chaisiri ◽  
Praphaiphat Siribat ◽  
Alexis Ribas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Helminth Parasite ◽  
Parasite Species Richness

Comparative Tests of Parasite Species Richness in Primates

2003 ◽  
Vol 162 (5) ◽  
pp. 597-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles L. Nunn ◽  
Sonia Altizer ◽  
Kate E. Jones ◽  
Wes Sechrest
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Comparative Tests ◽  
Parasite Species Richness

A Theory of Sex Differences in Technical Aptitude and Some Supporting Evidence

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 560-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Job Performance ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Aptitude Tests ◽  
General Mental Ability ◽  
Technical Aptitude

In this article, I present a theory that explains the origin of sex differences in technical aptitudes. The theory takes as proven that there are no sex differences in general mental ability (GMA), and it postulates that sex differences in technical aptitude (TA) stem from differences in experience in technical areas, which is in turn based on sex differences in technical interests. Using a large data set, I tested and found support for four predictions made by this theory: (a) the construct level correlation between technical aptitude and GMA is larger for females than males, (b) the observed and true score variability of technical aptitude is greater among males than females, (c) at every level of GMA females have lower levels of technical aptitude, and (d) technical aptitude measures used as estimates of GMA for decision purposes would result in underestimation of GMA levels for girls and women. Given that GMA carries the weight of prediction of job performance, the support found for this last prediction suggests that, for many jobs, technical aptitude tests may underpredict the job performance of female applicants and employees. Future research should examine this question.

SKT

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2369-2382
Author(s):  
Monica Chiosa ◽  
Thomas B. Preußer ◽  
Gustavo Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Cloud Service ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Single Pass ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Spatial Architecture

Data analysts often need to characterize a data stream as a first step to its further processing. Some of the initial insights to be gained include, e.g., the cardinality of the data set and its frequency distribution. Such information is typically extracted by using sketch algorithms, now widely employed to process very large data sets in manageable space and in a single pass over the data. Often, analysts need more than one parameter to characterize the stream. However, computing multiple sketches becomes expensive even when using high-end CPUs. Exploiting the increasing adoption of hardware accelerators, this paper proposes SKT , an FPGA-based accelerator that can compute several sketches along with basic statistics (average, max, min, etc.) in a single pass over the data. SKT has been designed to characterize a data set by calculating its cardinality, its second frequency moment, and its frequency distribution. The design processes data streams coming either from PCIe or TCP/IP, and it is built to fit emerging cloud service architectures, such as Microsoft's Catapult or Amazon's AQUA. The paper explores the trade-offs of designing sketch algorithms on a spatial architecture and how to combine several sketch algorithms into a single design. The empirical evaluation shows how SKT on an FPGA offers a significant performance gain over high-end, server-class CPUs.

It's Not My Fault

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-37
Author(s):  
Tawei Wang ◽  
Yen-Yao Wang ◽  
Ju-Chun Yen
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Security Breach ◽  
Security Breaches ◽  
Personally Identifiable Information ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Transfer Of Information

This article investigates the transfer of information security breach information between breached firms and their peers. Using a large data set of information security incidents from 2003 to 2013, the results suggest that 1) the effect of information security breach information transfer exists between breached firms and non-breached firms that offer similar products and 2) the effect of information transfer is weaker when the information security breach is due to internal faults or is related to the loss of personally identifiable information. Additional tests demonstrate that the effect of information transfer exhibits consistent patterns across time and with different types of information security breaches. Finally, the effect does not depend on whether the firms are IT intensive. Implications, limitations, and future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Community ecology of the metazoan parasites of namorado sandperches, Pseudopercis numida Miranda-Ribeiro, 1903 and P. semifasciata Cuvier, 1829 (Perciformes: Pinguipedidae), from the coastal zone of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL. Luque ◽  
NN. Felizardo ◽  
LER. Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Component Community ◽  
New Host ◽  
Metazoan Parasites ◽  
Parasite Abundance ◽  
Parasite Species Richness ◽  
Total Length

One hundred and twenty-eight specimens of namorado sandperches, 62 P. numida and 66 P. semifasciata, collected between October 2002 and June 2003 off the Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Lat 23° S and Long 42° W), were examined to study their metazoan parasites. Parasite communities of these fish were composed basically of endoparasites, mainly digenean and cestodes species, with low prevalence and abundance but having high parasite species richness values (at the component community level). Among these values, that found for P. numida is the highest so far recorded for marine fishes from the Neotropical Region. Thirty-nine species of metazoan parasites were collected: 36 from P. numida and 28 from P. semifasciata. Twenty-five parasite species were common to both species of namorado sandperches. Pseudopercis numida and P. semifasciata are new host records for all parasite species collected, with the exception of Microcotyle pseudopercis. Choanodera sp., Leurodera decora, Neolebouria georgenascimentoi, and Proctoeces sp. which were recorded for the first time in the South American Atlantic Ocean. Gnathia sp. from P. numida and Scolex pleuronectis from P. semifasciata were the species having the greatest dominance frequency. Parasite abundance in P. numida and P. semifasciata were positively correlated with the host total length. Only in P. numida was parasite species richness correlated positively with the host total length. No significant differences between endoparasite infracommunities of P. numida and P. semifasciata were detected. The ectoparasites of P. numida had higher values for parasite abundance, parasite richness, Brillouin index, evenness index, and Berger-Parker index than those of the ectoparasites of P. semifasciata. Comparisons among all ecto- and endoparasites showed the ectoparasites of P. numida as the most heterogeneous group. Low similarity values were observed among the three types of parasite infracommunities of the two hosts.

scholarly journals Helminth Community Dynamics in Populations of Blue-Winged Teal (Anas discors) Using Two Distinct Migratory Corridors

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Garvon ◽  
Alan M. Fedynich ◽  
Markus J. Peterson ◽  
Danny B. Pence
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
Helminth Community ◽  
Intermediate Species ◽  
Anas Discors ◽  
Isolating Mechanisms ◽  
Migratory Corridor

The influence of spatially distinct host subpopulations on helminth community structure and pattern was examined in a migratory avian host species. Forty helminth species represented by 24,082 individuals were collected from 184 blue-winged teal (Anas discors; BWT) from 2 primary migratory corridors in Florida (eastern migratory corridor; EMC) and Louisiana and Texas (western migratory corridor; WMC). Mean species richness was greater in BWT from the WMC (x¯±S.E=10.2 ± 0.3species) than the EMC (8.6 ± 0.2). The helminth community from the WMC had higher abundances of 6 common/intermediate species. Corridor helminth communities were similar in species composition but less similar when incorporating abundances of those species. Overlapping distributions of phylogenetically related host species that share generalist helminth species across ecologically similar habitats seem to mitigate the isolating mechanisms that are necessary for the distinct coevolutionary pathways to develop between adjacent corridors.

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