scholarly journals Expert Knowledge by Perception

Philosophy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Ransom
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Perceptual Expertise ◽  
Epistemic Status

AbstractDoes the scope of beliefs that people can form on the basis of perception remain fixed, or can it be amplified with learning? The answer to this question is important for our understanding of why and when we ought to trust experts, and also for assessing the plausibility of epistemic foundationalism. The empirical study of perceptual expertise suggests that experts can indeed enrich their perceptual experiences through learning. Yet this does not settle the epistemic status of their beliefs. One might hold that the background knowledge of experts is the cause of their enriched perceptual experience – what is known as cognitive permeation – and so their subsequent beliefs are only mediately justified because they are epistemically dependent on this background knowledge. I argue against this view. Perceptual expertise is not the result of cognitive permeation but is rather the result of perceptual learning, and perceptual learning does not involve cognition in a way that entails cognitive permeation. Perceptual expertise thus provides a means of widening the scope of the immediately justified beliefs that experts can form.

Entitlement and the Epistemic Status of Cornerstone Beliefs

2017 ◽  
Vol 94 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 126-137
Author(s):  
Hamid Vahid
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Epistemic Status ◽  
Pragmatic Encroachment ◽  
Crispin Wright ◽  
The Way

In a series of papers, Crispin Wright has proposed a number of arguments to show that what makes one’s perceptual experience confer justification on the beliefs it gives rise to includes having independent, non-evidential warrant (entitlement) to believe the kind of presuppositions (or ‘cornerstones’) that the skeptic highlights. It has been objected that such arguments at most show that entitlement has a pragmatic character. While sympathizing with this objection, I will argue in this paper that the kind of considerations that Wright adduces in support of the entitlement thesis can nevertheless bear on the epistemic status of cornerstone beliefs, though not in the way envisaged by Wright himself. To show this, I shall make use of the thesis of pragmatic encroachment arguing that, in addition to its practical stakes, the epistemic stakes of a belief are also relevant to its epistemic status. The consequences of the claim will then be explored for the question of the epistemic status of cornerstone beliefs which seem to show that, pace Wright, such beliefs can, after all, be evidentially warranted.

scholarly journals A Review of the Soundness of a Study Based on the Understanding of a Good Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. p57
Author(s):  
Jing Song
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Listening Comprehension ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Subject Selection ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Good Research

Listening has played an increasingly important role in language learning and acquisition. The issue of the potential relationship between background knowledge and listening comprehension attracted more attentions among linguistics and language scholars over the past decade. The main focus of this paper is to concentrate on the soundness of an empirical study conducted by Sadighi and Zare in 2006, offering an in-depth analysis of this relationship mentioned above. To illustrate this, a brief summary of their research is given. The next session assesses the rationality of the study, presenting details of three areas which include subject selection, data collection and data analysis. Finally, a concluding conception of its beneficial and profound significance in conducting a further good study will be demonstrated.

scholarly journals Translators as Networkers: The Role of Virtual Communities

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (42) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Hanna Risku ◽  
Angela Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Communities Of Practice ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Virtual Communities ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Commercial Interest

Recent years have seen a rise in the importance of virtual and real-life knowledge sharing communities and communities of practice across many fi elds of private and commercial interest, including professional translation. This article examines the characteristics of knowledge sharing communities in general, identifies their key elements, looks at the motivation for membership and presents an empirical study of life in a thriving virtual translation community. In doing so, it draws on the results of a literature review combined with a participant observation based study and member survey of a major virtual translation community. The results indicate that virtual translation communities can be lively platforms and offer translators a forum not only for sharing expert knowledge and collaborating, but also for keeping in touch with like-minded individuals.

Perceptual Expertise and Perceptual Modularity

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-71
Author(s):  
Elijah Chudnoff
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
The Other ◽  
Perceptual Expertise

According to the Experience Thesis, perceptual expertise is a capacity that manifests itself in perceptual experiences with expertise-specific representational contents. The first part of the chapter locates the Experience Thesis with respect to current debates about the admissible contents of perceptual experience and gives various reasons for believing that it is true. The balance of the chapter explores its compatibility with two other theses about perception and perceptual expertise. One is the Cognition Thesis that perceptual expertise is a capacity that draws on cognition. The other is the Modularity Thesis that perceptual experiences wholly result from modular processing of sensory input.

Personality and Perceptual Expertise: Individual Differences in Perceptual Identification

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
William von Hippel ◽  
Chris Hawkins ◽  
Sowmya Narayan
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Perceptual System ◽  
Perceptual Identification ◽  
Perceptual Expertise ◽  
Trait Words

We hypothesized that people become expert at perceiving information that is related to concepts they think about a great deal, because of their extensive perceptual experience with this material To test this idea, we manipulated the capitalization of a series of briefly exposed words If expertise emerges because of perceptual experience, then people should show facilitation identifying words that they think about a great deal, but only when capitalization of these words is consistent with prior perceptual experience with these words Support for this hypothesis was found in two experiments—one in which trait words were presented to depressed and nondepressed subjects, and one in which food words were presented to anorexic and nonanorexic subjects Thus, these experiments demonstrated that personality, as well as personality disorder, has the potential to change the nature of the input people receive from the perceptual system

scholarly journals Expert knowledge and policymaking: a multi-disciplinary research agenda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Epistemic Communities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Theoretical Understanding

The role of experts and expert knowledge in policymaking has attracted growing public and academic attention. Scholarship on the topic has, however, remained deeply fragmented. It is discussed in separate silos of the literature – such as evidence-based policymaking, epistemic communities, and ideas and politics – and this has hindered sustained empirical study. This article argues that to stimulate more systematic research on the role that experts play in policymaking and develop a theoretical understanding of it, we need to foster dialogue across these literatures. To facilitate this, the article critically reviews how the role of expert knowledge in policymaking is conceptualised and explained in existing literatures, and offers suggestions about how to create common ground for future research by reframing research around the question of the influence of experts, and examining more closely the administrative underpinnings of expert influence.

scholarly journals Comparing perceptual learning and perceptual expertise with matched stimuli

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 873-873
Author(s):  
Y. K. Wong ◽  
J. R. Folstein ◽  
I. Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Perceptual Expertise
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