The changing mental health of children and adolescents: evidence for a deterioration?

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Prosser ◽  
Paul McArdle
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
School Population ◽  
Childhood And Youth ◽  
Problem Behaviours ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Offending Behaviour ◽  
Over Time

SynopsisThis paper reviews the evidence for changing patterns of mental health over time in childhood and youth in Western societies. The evidence suggests that the prevalence of major depression, substance abuse and offending behaviour, as well as the incidence of suicide, is increasing in adolescent populations, particularly among males. There are also indications that problem behaviours among younger children are becoming more common. There is no evidence of a deterioration in the adjustment of the pre-school population.

9. Explaining youth crime and youth justice

Criminology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Case ◽  
Phil Johnson ◽  
David Manlow ◽  
Roger Smith ◽  
Kate Williams
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Youth Crime ◽  
Youth Justice ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Childhood And Youth ◽  
Crime And Delinquency ◽  
Offending Behaviour ◽  
Over Time

This chapter deals with youth crime and youth justice: offending behaviour committed by children and young people and their subsequent treatment in the justice system. It considers the argument for a bespoke understanding and response to youth and crime as distinct from offending behaviour committed by adults. The discussion begins by looking at how the concepts of ‘childhood’ and ‘youth’ have been theorised and socially constructed over time. The chapter then examines how youth crime and ‘delinquency’ have been explained in individualised, developmental, and agentic terms; how young people may grow into crime, with particular emphasis on the role of culture in deviance; and the link between radicalisation and youth crime. It also describes the dominant formal responses to youth crime before concluding with an overview of progressive, contemporary approaches to delivering youth justice/responding to youth crime, namely, diversion and positive youth justice.

scholarly journals Examining changes in parent-reported child and adolescent mental health throughout the UK’s first COVID-19 national lockdown.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine Raw ◽  
Polly Waite ◽  
Samantha Pearcey ◽  
Cathy Creswell ◽  
Adrienne Shum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Conduct Problems ◽  
Emotional Symptoms ◽  
Mixture Modelling ◽  
Growth Mixture ◽  
Health Trajectories ◽  
Growth Mixture Modelling ◽  
Over Time

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed the lives of children and adolescents, forcing them into periods of prolonged social isolation and time away from school. Understanding the psychological consequences of the UK’s lockdown for children and adolescents, the associated risk factors, and how trajectories may vary for children and adolescents in different circumstances is essential so that the most vulnerable children and adolescents can be identified and appropriate support can be implemented. Methods Parents and carers (n = 2988) in the U.K. with children and adolescents aged between 4 and 16 years completed an online survey about their child’s mental health. Growth curve analysis was used to examine the changes in conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention and emotional symptoms between the end of March/beginning of April and July using data from four monthly assessments. Additionally, growth mixture modelling identified mental health trajectories for conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention and emotional symptoms separately and subsequent regression models were used to estimate predictors of mental health trajectory membership. Results Overall levels of hyperactivity and conduct problems increased over time whereas emotional symptoms remained relatively stable, though declined somewhat between June and July. Change over time varied according to child age, the presence of siblings, and with Special Educational Needs (SEN)/ Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ND). Subsequent growth mixture modelling identified three, four and five trajectories for hyperactivity/inattention, conduct problems and emotional symptoms, respectively. Though many children maintained “stable3low” symptoms, others experienced elevated symptoms by July. These children were more likely to have a parent/carer with higher levels of psychological distress, to have SEN/ND, or to be younger in age. Conclusions The findings support previous literature and highlight that certain risk factors were associated with poorer mental health trajectories for children and adolescents during the pandemic.

Mental health

2021 ◽  
pp. 767-794
Author(s):  
Charlotte Hanlon ◽  
Asnake Limenhe
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Learning Disability ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Adjustment Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Post Traumatic

Suicide and deliberate self-harm?, Acute behavioural disturbance?, Common mental disorders?, Severe mental disorders psychoses?, Disorders due to substance abuse?, Withdrawal states?, Adjustment disorders and bereavement?, Post-traumatic stress disorder?, Intellectual learning disability?, Disorders in children and adolescents?

Housing Tenure and Youth Trajectories of Mental Health in Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-57
Author(s):  
Jinette Comeau ◽  
Duncan Laura ◽  
Georgiades Katholiki ◽  
Wang Li ◽  
Boyle Michael H.
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Emotional Problems ◽  
Growth Modeling ◽  
Youth Mental Health ◽  
Housing Tenure ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Over Time

We take a novel approach to estimating the association between housing tenure and youth mental health by considering stability and change in exposure. We categorize youth from age 10–15 into mutually exclusive groups: always rent or own—stable patterns; intermittently rent, or own—changing patterns. We use growth modeling to compare trajectories of aggression and emotional problems among children in families who always or intermittently rent to their counterparts who always own. We observe initial disparities in problems with aggression at age 10–11 between youth who have always lived in rented vs. owned housing that persist over time, resulting in comparable disparities at age 14–15.

scholarly journals Asylum seeking children and adolescents in Australian immigration detention on Nauru: a longitudinal cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000615
Author(s):  
Karen Zwi ◽  
Louise Sealy ◽  
Nora Samir ◽  
Nan Hu ◽  
Reza Rostami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Immigration Detention ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Over Time

IntroductionImmigration detention has a profound and negative impact on the physical health, mental health, development and social-emotional well-being of children, adolescents and their families. Australian clinicians will report results from detailed health and well-being assessments of asylum seeking children and adolescents who have experienced prolonged immigration detention.Methods and analysisThis is a national, multicentre study with a longitudinal cohort design that will document health and well-being outcomes of the children and adolescents who have been detained in offshore detention on the remote island of Nauru. Outcome measures will be reported from the time arrival in Australia and repeated over a 5-year follow-up period. Measures include demographics, residency history and refugee status, physical health and well-being outcomes (including mental health, development and social-emotional well-being), clinical service utilisation and psychosocial risk and protective factors for health and well-being (eg, adverse childhood experiences). Longitudinal follow-up will capture outcomes over a 5-year period after arrival in Australia. Analysis will be undertaken to explore baseline risk and protective factors, with regression analyses to assess their impact on health and well-being outcomes. To understand how children’s outcomes change over time, multilevel regression analysis will be utilised. Structural equation modelling will be conducted to explore the correlation between baseline factors, mediational factors and outcomes to assess trajectories over time.Ethics and disseminationThis research project was approved by the Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network Human Research Ethics Committee. Subsequent site-specific approvals have been approved in 5 of the 11 governing bodies where the clinical consultations took place. In order to ensure this research is relevant and sensitive to the needs of the cohort, our research team includes an asylum seeker who has spent time in Australian immigration detention. Results will be presented at conferences and published in peer-reviewed Medline-indexed journals.

9. Youth offending and youth justice

2021 ◽  
pp. 237-271
Author(s):  
Steve Case ◽  
Phil Johnson ◽  
David Manlow ◽  
Roger Smith ◽  
Kate Williams
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Youth Justice ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Childhood And Youth ◽  
Offending Behaviour ◽  
Over Time

This chapter describes youth offending and youth justice: that is, offending behaviour committed by children and young people and how they are treated in the Youth Justice System. Society’s assumptions about what it means to be a child and what should be expected of children and young people in terms of their development and behaviour shape its views on and responses to youth offending. The chapter then looks at how the concepts of ‘childhood’ and ‘youth’ have been seen, theorised, and socially constructed over time, before moving on to consider explanations for youth offending and ‘delinquency’. Youth offending has tended to be explained in individualised terms, through developmental and psychological explanations. The chapter also evaluates the main formal responses to youth offending and assesses more progressive, contemporary approaches to youth offending and delivering youth justice.

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