scholarly journals The role of rumination in illness trajectories in youth: linking trans-diagnostic processes with clinical staging models

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 2467-2484 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Grierson ◽  
I. B. Hickie ◽  
S. L. Naismith ◽  
J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
Co Morbidity

Research in developmental psychopathology and clinical staging models has increasingly sought to identify trans-diagnostic biomarkers or neurocognitive deficits that may play a role in the onset and trajectory of mental disorders and could represent modifiable treatment targets. Less attention has been directed at the potential role of cognitive-emotional regulation processes such as ruminative response style. Maladaptive rumination (toxic brooding) is a known mediator of the association between gender and internalizing disorders in adolescents and is increased in individuals with a history of early adversity. Furthermore, rumination shows moderate levels of genetic heritability and is linked to abnormalities in neural networks associated with emotional regulation and executive functioning. This review explores the potential role of rumination in exacerbating the symptoms of alcohol and substance misuse, and bipolar and psychotic disorders during the peak age range for illness onset. Evidence shows that rumination not only amplifies levels of distress and suicidal ideation, but also extends physiological responses to stress, which may partly explain the high prevalence of physical and mental co-morbidity in youth presenting to mental health services. In summary, the normative developmental trajectory of rumination and its role in the evolution of mental disorders and physical illness demonstrates that rumination presents a detectable, modifiable trans-diagnostic risk factor in youth.

Intervening early in bipolar disorder in young people: a review of the clinical staging model

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
P. Power
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Early Intervention ◽  
Young People ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Staging Model

Bipolar disorder (BPD) essentially has its onset during adolescence and early adulthood. It has the capacity to be highly disruptive, dislocating individuals from their normal developmental trajectory and potentially causing significant long-term co-morbidity and chronicity. At a societal level the burden created is greater than schizophrenia. This is not helped by the very substantial delays in its diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Thus, there is a clear rationale for intervening earlier and at a younger age. However, the field of early intervention in BPD is in its infancy. One approach that conceptually provides a basis for early intervention is the Clinical Staging Model (used widely in general medicine). This article outlines how this model helps in an understanding of the emerging stages of BPD. It also summarises the interventions that might be appropriately introduced if a person progresses from an early to a late stage of the illness. Early intervention has a well-established record in psychotic disorders. If it can be realised for BPDs, then it may hold out hope of better outcomes for the next generation of young people at risk.

Cardiac interoception in neurological conditions and its relevance for dimensional approaches

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrián Yoris ◽  
Adolfo M. García ◽  
Paula Celeste Salamone ◽  
Lucas Sedeño ◽  
Indira García-Cordero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
General Source ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Dimensional and transdiagnostic approaches have revealed multiple cognitive/emotional alterations shared by several neuropsychiatric conditions. While this has been shown for externally triggered neurocognitive processes, the disruption of interoception across neurological disorders remains poorly understood. This chapter aims to fill this gap while proposing cardiac interoception as a potential common biomarker across disorders. It focuses on key aspects of interoception, such as the mechanisms underlying different interoceptive dimensions; the relationship among interoception, emotion, and social cognition; and the roles of different interoceptive pathways. It considers behavioral and brain evidence in the context of an experimental and clinical agenda to evaluate the potential role of interoception as a predictor of clinical outcomes, a marker of neurocognitive deficits across diseases, and a general source of insights for breakthroughs in the treatment and prevention of multiple disorders. Finally, future directions to improve the dimensional and transdiagnostic assessment of interoception are outlined.

scholarly journals Potential Role of Oestrogen Modulation in the Treatment of Neurocognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia

CNS Drugs ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Weickert ◽  
Katherine M. Allen ◽  
Cynthia S. Weickert
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits

The Potential Role of Melatonin on Mental Disorders: Insights from Physiology and Pharmacology

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoran Sun ◽  
Yani Wang ◽  
Nengzhi Jiang ◽  
Zhongde Du
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Potential Role

Psychotic experiences as precursors in schizophrenia? Findings from a population-based sample in Germany (DEGS1-MH)

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S48-S48
Author(s):  
C. Schmidt-Kraepelin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
German Health ◽  
Wide Range

There are only a few studies that have studied the prevalence of psychotic experiences (PEs) in a representative population-based sample and a broad range of age. The association and predictive role of PEs in the context of psychotic and other mental disorders remains a subject of discussion. The Mental Health Module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults is the first wave of a German health monitoring survey describing:– the distribution and frequency, the severity and the impairments of a wide range of mental disorders;– risk factors as well as patterns of help-seeking and health care utilization;– associations between mental and somatic disorders.A total of 4483 participants participated in the mental health section of the survey. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview, the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale and the Peter's Delusion Inventory were used to assess PEs by clinically experienced interviewers. We can confirm and extend previous findings for younger age groups that PEs are very frequent psychopathological expressions in the general population across genders and all age groups. PEs rates were elevated among those with other mental disorders, particularly among possible psychotic disorders, PTSD and affective disorders. This points to the relevant role of PEs as a marker for psychopathology and mental disorders. Future prospective studies will have to focus on specific properties of psychotic experiences such as their appraisal or underlying social influences to determine their significance for the prediction of psychotic and other mental disorders.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Сellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Proinflammatory Monocytes Participation in the Pathogenesis of Mental Disorders. Part 2

Psychiatry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
E. F. Vasilyeva ◽  
O. S. Brusov
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Somatic Comorbidity ◽  
Immune Inflammation

Introduction: at the end of the last century, the macrophage-T-lymphocyte theory of the development of mental disorders was formulated. It underlines the important role of monocytes/macrophages and cytokines produced by them in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder (BAD) and depression. The first part of our review is dedicated to the analysis of the mechanisms of cellular and molecular interactions of activated monocytes/macrophages synthesizing proinflammatory CD16 receptors with endothelial cells, platelets, and microglia cells in the pathogenesis of systemic immune inflammation, including CNS as a result of violation of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), activate microglia and cause the development of neuroinflammation in patients.The aim of work: to analyze and summarize the results of the main scientific publications for the role of cell-molecular mechanisms of the monocyte-macrophage immunity link activation in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, BAD and depression. Material and methods: keywords “proinflammatory monocytes, cytokines, chemokines, molecules of cell adhesion, microglia, neuroinflammation, mental disorders” were used to search for data published over the past 20 years in domestic and foreign studies in PubMed, eLIBRARY, Science direct and EMBASE.Conclusion: the present review is dedicated to the analysis of the latest research data concerning an increase in the number of active circulating monocytes/macrophages and an increased level of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and receptors for them produced by monocytes in patients with schizophrenia, BAD and depression, what allows to associate these disorders with systemic immune inflammation. The data reasearches on cellular and molecular mechanisms of proinflammatory monocytes/macrophages interaction with microglia cells that initiate neuroinflammation in the CNS and lead to destabilization of brain function and the development of psychotic disorders are presented. The association of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines with somatic comorbidity, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, atherosclerosis and other systemic diseases is shown in patients with mental disorders.Findings: the presented review of the research data allows us to better understand the cellular and molecular aspects of activation of the monocyte-macrophage immunity link in the development of neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, as well as helps in the search for informative biomarkers of the positive treatment of these disorders and the new approaches in the treatment of patients, based on the complex use of psychotropic and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Do you let me symptomatize? The potential role of cultural values in cross-national variability of mental disorders’ prevalence

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 756-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Máté Kapitány-Fövény ◽  
Mara J Richman ◽  
Zsolt Demetrovics ◽  
Mihály Sulyok
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Cross National

scholarly journals Potential role of Zinc supplement in CVD and COVID-19 co-morbidity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Karim ◽  
Shahnaz Sultana ◽  
Rokaia Sultana ◽  
Mohammad Tariqur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Functional Expression ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Selective Treatment ◽  
Zinc Supplement ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
The Given

As far as the comorbidity is concerned, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) appear to be accounted for the highest prevalence, severity, and fatality among COVID 19 patients. A wide array of causal links connecting CVD and COVID-19 baffle the overall prognosis as well as the efficacy of the given therapeutic interventions. At the centre of this puzzle lies ACE2 that works as a receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 and functional expression of which is also needed to minimize vasoconstriction otherwise would lead to high blood pressure. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection seems to reduce the functional expression of ACE2. Given these circumstances, it might be advisable to consider a treatment plan for COVID-19 patients with CVD in an approach that would neither aggravate the vasodeleterious arm of RAAS nor compromise the vasoprotective arm of RAAS but is effective to minimize or if possible, inhibit the viral replication. A zinc supplement to the selective treatment plan, to be decided by the clinicians depending on the cardiovascular conditions of the patients, is hereafter proposed that might greatly enhance the therapeutic outcome. Notably, ACE2 is a zinc metalloenzyme and zinc is also known to inhibit viral replication.

Neuropsychological functioning and ADHD

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah O’Neill ◽  
Jeffrey M. Halperin ◽  
David Coghill
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

The high prevalence of ADHD and its associated difficulties in adaptive functioning have led to significant efforts to better understand the underlying pathophysiology of the disorder. Prominent models of ADHD have suggested that neurocognitive deficits—particularly executive dysfunction—is directly related to ADHD symptomatology. Data suggests, however, that significant heterogeneity is observed in both the cognitive and adaptive functioning of individuals with ADHD, raising questions about current theoretical models. Furthermore, many of our current models do not explain the developmental trajectory of ADHD symptoms and impairment. This chapter will explore the state of the literature and remaining questions that are driving research on the role of neuropsychological functioning in ADHD, approaching the topic from a developmental perspective. We will conclude by considering implications of this knowledge for the development of effective and long-lasting interventions for individuals with ADHD.

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