XXVIII Chinese Writing in the Chou Dynasty in the Light of Recent Discoveries

1911 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 1011-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North China ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Vigorous Activity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Chinese Writing

It is the aim of the following paper to present to the readers of this Journal the problem of the origin of Chinese writing as it appears at the opening of the historical period in the ninth century b.c., and to give some account of the new light thrown upon the subject by recent discoveries in North China. It is also my hope to show that there are reasons for endeavouring to stir an interest in this question of origin, and some grounds for defining, as clearly as present conditions allow, the main features of what is already known of the problem, and indicating the lines along which fruitful investigation must advance. Especially valuable it should be to investigators of other primitive systems of writing to have a working knowledge of the rise and progressive changes of a script, probably of very ancient origin, certainly claiming a continuous history of 3,600 years, still in vigorous activity, betraying no signs of impending decay. The facts of such a life-history, properly ascertained and appreciated, might well contribute some illuminating sidelights or useful suggestions on analogous inquirics.

Psychiatry in Portugal: Key actors and conceptual history (1884–1924)

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-164
Author(s):  
José Morgado Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Historical Period ◽  
Conceptual History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scientific Ideas

The aim of this article is the study of psychiatry in Portugal between 1884 and 1924, the period when it became institutionalized, and when works that marked its scientific evolution were published. This paper summarizes the various historiographical approaches, and its approach to the subject is closest to the conceptual history carried out by German Berrios in Cambridge. The study attempts to correlate the key actors and their works with the history of different scientific ideas, its differences, and the influences of foreign authors. The diseases, syndromes, symptoms and pathologizations in this historical period were also studied, justifying a constructionist perspective. Finally, the various therapies are discussed, from institutional to pharmacological and psychotherapeutical.

Biblical Israel in the Ninth Century?

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIP R. DAVIES
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Biblical Narrative ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Critical History ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
United Monarchy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Crucial Part

Most archaeologists of ancient Israel still operate with a pro-biblical ideology, while the role that archaeology has played in Zionist nation building is extensively documented. Terms such as ‘ninth century’ and ‘Iron Age’ represent an improvement on ‘United Monarchy’ and ‘Divided Monarchy’, but these latter terms remain implanted mentally as part of a larger portrait that may be called ‘biblical Israel’. This chapter argues that the question of ‘biblical Israel’ must be regarded as distinct from the kingdoms of Israel and Judah as a major historical problem rather than a given datum. ‘Biblical Israel’ can never be the subject of a modern critical history, but is rather a crucial part of that history, a ‘memory’, no doubt historically conditioned, that became crucial in creating Judaism. This realization will enable us not only to write a decent critical history of Iron Age central Palestine but also to bring that history and the biblical narrative into the kind of critical engagement that will lead to a better understanding of the Bible itself.

scholarly journals V. On the early development of cirripedia

1894 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 119-232 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Short Stay ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
The Subject

During a short stay at Plymouth, in 1889, I was engaged in studying certain points in the anatomy of Cirripedia; finding, however, that a knowledge of the embryology was necessary in order to arrive at a complete understanding of the adult structure, I became wishful to investigate the life-history of some one member of the group. This I had an opportunity of doing at Naples, where I was appointed to occupy the Cambridge University Table at the Zoological Station for a period of six months, subsequently increased to nine. I here succeeded in obtaining a practically complete series of stages of Balanus perforatus , Bruguiere, as well as many stages in other members of the group. Though a number of able observers have occupied themselves with the embryology of Cirripedes, yet, owing to lack of opportunity, and to the difficulty of obtaining complete series of developmental stages, as well' as to the inherent difficulties in the subject, much remained to be done in this line. Willemoes-Suhm alone, with the advantages afforded by his position during the Challenger Expedition, has hitherto obtained a complete series of stages of any one form, but he failed to trace the history of the earlier stages, and in the later, limited himself to the appearance of fresh and spirit specimens, as seen without cutting sections. In fact the method of sections has been little applied to the development of Cirripedes, and not at all to the earlier stages. There is, therefore, little apology needed for an account embracing the results obtained by the employment of some of the more modern methods of embryological study.

On the Life-History of Heterakis gallinœ

1933 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis A. Clapham
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Considerable Controversy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Nematode Worm

During the course of some experiments involving the Nematode worm Heterakis gallinæ, it became necessary to know the exact life history in order to interpret the results. On consulting the literature it became evident that the details of the life history had never been worked out accurately in either this worm or in any of its near relations. Further-more, there was considerable controversy on the subject. For this reason therefore the whole morphology and life history were investigated in detail and some interesting points came to light.

HOBBIT PLAYERS: DEVELOPMENT OF ROLE- PLAYING GAMES IN KRASNOYARSK REGION (1980-1990)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Arina Shurygina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public History ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Local History ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Role Playing Games ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Local history as a kind of public history is gaining more and more popularity among researchers every year, because awareness of local historical experience is a tool for regional and personal self-identification, a way to define oneself, one’s uniqueness in the large multicultural world. Based on the study of the role-playing movement, it is possible to trace not only any peculiarities of the Krasnoyarsk cultural processes, but also to understand what influence the events of the “big” history had on the local history of the development of the role-playing movement in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in a specific cultural and historical period. The aim of the study is to reconstruct significant cultural events that contributed to the creation of the role movement, the influence of the socio-cultural environment on the role movement in the region, as well as to record the events characteristic of this subculture through the analysis of interviews with people participating in these events. The object of the study is the role-playing movement of Tolkienists in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, while the subject of the history (interviews) of informants who stood at the origins of the role-playing movement in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the 1980s-90s. To conduct the study, the following tasks were set: conducting an interview with participants in the role movement as a subculture characteristic of the Soviet period in the history of the culture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and interpreting the received empiric material and identifying the features and trends in the development of the role movement subculture.

scholarly journals VIII. Observations on coprozoic flagellates: Together with a suggestion as to the significance of the kinetonucleus in the binucleata

1916 ◽  
Vol 207 (335-347) ◽  
pp. 375-412 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Parasitic Fauna ◽  
History Of ◽  
Active Condition ◽  
Soil Protozoa ◽  
The Subject

Since publishing, with Mr. Lapage, the first account of the life-cycle of Helkesimastix facicola , I have continued to work alone on the biology and life-history of the flagellates occurring in simple dung-cultures. In the course of this investigation, I have made certain observations which I wish here to record, together with one or two suggestions which I have to offer. The work promises to occupy considerable time before it is completed, and in the case of some of the forms studied I am not yet able to describe the life-cycle in its entirety. Little or no attention has been paid hitherto to the protozoa active in dung, and the study of this fauna is probably not without interest and importance in connection with the subject of the soil-protozoa. To distinguish those protozoa which are carried through the alimentary canal in a passive, encysted condition and become active and go through their life-history in the moist dung, Prof. Minchin has suggested, in the course of his lectures, the useful term coprozoic . The coprozoic fauna of goats and sheep is entirely different from their parasitic fauna, which has for its principal habitat the rumen. Neither the various specialised ciliates (of the fam. Ophryoscolecidæ ) nor the flagellates ( Sphæromonas , Trichomastix and Callimastix ), some of which are invariably present in the rumen, ever occur in an active condition in dung-cultures; and, on the other hand, I have never found any of the coprozoic flagellates active in the rumen-contents, when freshly examined. These facts, readily determined because the sets of forms in the two cases are entirely different, afford important confirmation of the view, now generally accepted, that the Entamæbæ —the truly parasitic forms—are quite distinct from the Amoebæ which develop in fæcal cultures, i. e .,coprozoic species.

scholarly journals III. On the life history of the dock æcidium ( Æcidiumrumicis , schlecth)

1883 ◽  
Vol 36 (228-231) ◽  
pp. 47-50
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

This Æcidium, which is common in this country upon Rumex hydrolapathum , Huds, obtusifolius , Linn., crispus , Linn., and conglomeratus , Murray, was regarded by Fuckel and Cooke as being a condition of Uromyces rumicis (Schum .), is now stated by Winter in his last work to be a condition of Puccinia magnusiana . During the present year I have conducted a series of cultures, in which the life history of this fungus has been carefully, if not laboriously, worked out, from which it appears that Æcidium rumicis bears the same relationship to Puccinia phragmitis (Schum.) (= P. arundinacea , D. C.) as Æcidium berberidis , Gmel., bears to Puccinia graminis , Perss. History of the Subject .—Winter, in 1875, showed that those botanists who had associated this Æcidium with the Uromyces rumicis , simply because these two fungi occurred upon the same host plant, were wrong, and that the fungus in question was the æcidiospore of Puccinia phragmitis . Stahl, in 1876, repeated Winter’s experiment, and confirmed it. Now it happens that there are two Pucciniœ common upon Phragmitis communis , the (Schum.), and P. magnusiana , Körn. In March, 1877, Schröter placed the spores of both these Pucciniœ upon Rumex hydrolapathum (the species Winter originally experimented with), and found that the Æcidium was only produced from P. magnusiana . Winter, in the “Kryptogamen Flora,” now in course of publication, accepts Schröter’s statement, and gives as the æcidiospores of Puccinia magnusiana , not only the Æcidium on Rumex hydrolapathum , but also on R. cripus, conglomeratus , obtusifolius , and acetosa , and adds a note to the effect that the Æcidium upon Rheum officinale has probably the same life history.

scholarly journals Contemporary Ukrainian cinema into the European context (2014-2019)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 274-283
Author(s):  
Zoya Alforova ◽  
Serhii Marchenko ◽  
Yuliia Shevchuk ◽  
Svitlana Kotlyar ◽  
Serhii Honcharuk
Keyword(s):  
Film Industry ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Film Festivals ◽  
Theoretical Methods ◽  
European Cinema ◽  
Current State ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Commercial Distribution

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that the development of Ukrainian art, including cinema, is becoming more popular every year. Since 2014, the Ukrainian film industry has been rapidly developing, and has also shown good results at European and other international film festivals. The purpose of the study is to analyse the position of Ukrainian cinema in the recent historical period, as well as to analyse the preconditions that were created for its development and introduction to the European cinema market. The methodological basis of this study is the combination of theoretical methods of cognition. Methods of data analysis and synthesis, dialectical method, historical and periodisation method are used. In the course of writing this paper, the studies of Ukrainian and foreign researchers regarding the subject were studied and analysed. The establishment and current state of the film industry are investigated. The preconditions for the development of Ukrainian cinema as well as factors that influenced its entrance to the European market are considered. Studying the history of Ukrainian cinema and the process of its commercial distribution, will help to analyse the stages of its establishment, as well as explore opportunities for industry development.

Léon Charles Albert Calmette, 1863-1933

1934 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-325 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Medical Studies ◽  
Black Water ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Insect Transmission ◽  
The University

Albert Calmette was born at Nice on July 12, 1863. His father was secretary to the prefecture. The Calmettes were of Breton origin. After passing his baccalauréat ès lettres at Rennes and his baccalauréat es sciences at Paris, Calmette entered the Naval Medical School at Brest in 1881. At this time the part played by microbes in infectious diseases had been demonstrated by Pasteur and Lister and was exciting wide interest. Koch had just discovered the bacillus of tuberculosis. The young Calmette was fascinated by these discoveries and the possibilities they indicated of understanding and ultimately controlling diseases. He became an enthusiastic Pastorian and devoted himself to his microscope. Whilst a cadet at the naval school he took part in the China Campaign of 1883-4. At Hong Kong he met Patrick Manson, who explained to him his observations on the life-history of the filaria parasite and showed him the proof he had obtained that the parasite was conveyed from person to person by a mosquito. This, the first evidence of the insect transmission of a disease made a great impression on Calmette and he chose the subject of filariasis for the thesis he presented for his doctor’s degree three years later. In 1885, Calmette returned to France to complete his medical studies. He graduated in July, 1886, at the University of Paris. Shortly afterwards, he went to the French Congo. During his two years of service as a naval surgeon on the coast of West Africa he studied tropical diseases and published descriptive articles on sleeping sickness and black-water fever in the Archives de Medicine Navale. In 1888, he was sent to the French Islands of St. Pierre-et-Miquelon, off the coast of Newfoundland,, where he had medical charge of six thousand sailors and fishermen. It was at St. Pierre that he made his first contribution to bacteriology. The local industry was the capture and salting of cod for export to< France. For some mysterious reason, the salted cod frequently developed red spots known in the trade as maladie rouge.

Gentile's Philosophy of the Spirit

Philosophy ◽  
1929 ◽  
Vol 4 (13) ◽  
pp. 3-22
Author(s):  
W. G. De Burgh
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Conscious Thinking ◽  
Own Name

Gentile's philosophy merits the attention of every serious thinker, for it presents the doctrine that reality is spiritual in a more uncompromising form than is to be found elsewhere, and claims to solve on this principle all the great problems that have beset the history of metaphysic. His own name for it is Absolute or Actual Idealism (Idealismo assoluto or attuale). For Gentile, nothing is real but the Spirit, and by the Spirit he means the pure act of self-conscious thinking. “The subject that conceives itself in conceiving All is the reality itself.” In the act of conscious thinking, the Spirit is present in its entirety as subject (Io universale, transcendentale, assoluto); generating therein by its own creative spontaneity a world of objects, and resolving the products of this act of objectification into the womb that gave them birth. In this immanent dialectic–pure subject (thesis), pure object (antithesis), subject-object (synthesis)–lies the rhythmic life-history of the Spirit. “Our doctrine,” writes Gentile, “is the theory of the Spirit as act which posits its object in a multiplicity of objects, resolving their multiplicity and objectivity in the unity of the subject itself.” For such a doctrine, transcendence is the enemy, the Goliath whom Gentile has gone forth to slay. He confronts us, on almost every page of his writings, with an ineluctable dilemma. Either a philosophy of sheer immanence, or reality is unknowable.

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