К вопросу о происхождении ламы Цонкапы

In the Mongolian-speaking world, it is widely accepted that Lama Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelug school of Buddhism, known for his great contribution to the maintenance and promotion of Buddhist teachings, was an ethnic Mongolian. However, the question of whether there is any factual evidence to support the claim is still open. The present article aims to examine the issue of his Mongolian background and identify the grounds for this widespread opinion. This is of relevance because the issue has not been discussed in detail so far. Both textological and historical methods were used for analysis. The major source for the study was an obscure text written by a prominent Mongolian researcher Chahar-Geshe [Tibetan: cha har dge bshes blo bzang tshul khrims, 1740–1810] «The Life of Tsongkhapa: The Source of All Boons and Fortunes» [Tibetan: tsong kha pa chen po’i rnam thar go sla bar brjod pa bde legs kun gyi ‘byung gnas]; other Tibetan sources were also examined. The article focuses on the data found in the sources that associates with Lama Tsongkhapa’s father and family, place of his birth, etc. Results. The examination of Lama Tsongkhapa’s biography shed useful light on the historical and cultural processes in Inner Asia. The author’s main conclusion is that he may have been an ethnic Mongolian on his father’s side, and the fact may have been of relevance or the promotion of Gelug in Mongolia.

Dynamics of Event Processes in the Information Society: Social Functions of Fake and Hype

Introduction. The article examines the phenomenon of fake, the factors of its occurrence, development and destruction. Despite the fact that the concept of fake has become popular and has acquired a large number of definitions, the discussion around the definition of this concept continues to the present. Fake and hype, each separately, becomes the subject of research and there is already a detailed classification of them. Fake, like hype, is usually understood as negative, misleading and distracting phenomena. Meanwhile, they represent a phenomenon of stable interaction. A fake can trigger a hype wave and a subsequent series of events. At the same time, the tangible discomfort of this phenomenon is especially emphasized. The relevance of the study is due to the need to consider these phenomena as positive processes, to show their role and functions from a new, positive point of view. The purpose of the article is to describe the hidden social functions of the phenomenon of fake and hype, their mutual inclusion, their positive role in the processes of the formation of social reality.Methodology and sources. The source of the research was the discussion on fakes and presented in the collective monograph “Fakes: Communication, Meanings, Responsibility” edited by G.L. Tulchinsky. In the article, to create dynamic models of events, the theory of latent oscillations and stability of control systems were used, N.V. Kuznetsova and the classical theory of oscillatory and wave processes in the interpretation of N.V. Karlov, N.A. Kirichenko.Results and discussion. As a result of the study, an important connection between fake and hype was traced. A fake triggers a reaction in the form of a hype, which in turn gives competitive advantages to all participants in the process: persons, social and subcultural groups, institutions, states and their unions. In addition to the negative impact of a fake on a person and social reality, there are many cases when a fake is a necessary phenomenon in social and cultural processes. In the conditions of traditionally high competition in the processes of achieving each subsequent step of the social and career ladder, fake is one of the necessary elements for achieving competitive superiority. Hype, like fake, can act not only as an annoying and negative factor, but also as a necessary element in the balanced development of society and public communication space. Using a fake as a triggering event to generate a hype wave can be used to construct social reality. Modeling the dynamics of event processes allows you to create a communication environment with pre-built properties, use special events as an effective tool for managing socio-cultural processes.Conclusion. Fake and the hype generated by it are a necessary element of the evolutionary development of social reality and culture, therefore, consideration of the positive consequences of these phenomena is so necessary for a full description of the socio-cultural processes generated by them, a balanced study of the processes of the formation of social reality.

Symbolism of Colour of the Vietnamese National Garment Áo Dài: Historical Foundations, Development and Interpretations

This paper is an attempt to analyze the color symbolism of traditional Vietnamese o di costume, as well as to identify and characterize the main reasons and peculiarities of transformations in this sphere. The symbolic model of color is considered in the context of language, socio-historical and cultural processes. The focus is on women's traditional costume, as it has undergone far more extensive changes than mens and has a much broader scope of use today.

Situating the videogame maker’s agency through craft

It is now widely accepted that videogames are a cultural form, and that they generate cultural meaning through the possibilities and constraints through which they shape players’ experiences and choices. However, the cultural processes through which videogames are themselves produced remain understudied and too-straightforwardly imagined. The videogame maker does not simply conceive of a videogame idea and then execute it. Instead, the videogame is produced through processes of negotiation and iteration between videogame maker, software and hardware environments and the broader expectations of the field. In this sense, videogame production can be fruitfully understood through the lens of craft. I argue that in order to politicise agency in digital play, as is this special issue’s goal, videogame research must also consider the agency of the videogame maker, and the iterative, embodied, and social processes through which videogames are produced. This article draws from interviews with videogame makers and existing research on craft production to provide a preliminary consideration of how the agency of the videogame maker as a cultural producer can be accounted for.

Changes in the themes, aesthetics and functions of public images in Kyiv due to the influence of socio-cultural processes in the society of 1990-2010

On the back of the rapid development in public art in recent decades, and in particular graffiti and muralism, interest in them has grown significantly among cultural studies scholars, art critics, architects, sociologists, and urban planners. Numerous works that have appeared in the West and in Ukraine are devoted to various aspects of the visual public art existence. This theme continues to be one of the most relevant for contemporary visual art. This article complements the bunch of acquired knowledge with a detailed study of the impact of socio-cultural processes in society on the changes that took place in monumental painting, graffiti and muralism in Kyiv during 1990–2010, i.e. during the most important changes in politics and society in recent decades. The peculiarities of each historical stage of this influence are analysed and outlined in the study, and the theoretical analysis is displayed by the description of the most characteristic works. Most of them are researched in detail. In addition, the process of decline of monumental painting in the late 1980s and early 1990s is analysed, the factors of graffiti flourishing in the 1990s are identified and highlighted, and the origins of the rapid development of muralism after 2004 and especially after 2014 are explored. At each stage, changes in the themes, aesthetics and functions of public images are traced. The definitions, such as muralism and graffiti, are updated in this paper, taking into account changes in art and the latest achievements in its analysis. The manifestations of the national-patriotic themes in the contemporary art of muralism are considered in detail, the classification of art work on this subject is given, the corresponding examples are given. Such concepts as public art, synthesis of arts, monumental painting, graffiti, muralism are attentively aligned. The study of the nature of the socio-cultural processes and visual arts correlations is promising for further scientific and theoretical developments and the practical aspect for better understanding of the specific works

Sexually Distinct Song Cultures Across a Songbird Metapopulation

Songbirds learn their songs culturally, through imitating tutors. The vocal culture of a songbird population changes as new song units (syllables) are introduced through immigration, copying errors, and innovation, while other syllables fall out of use. This leads to a diversification of the syllable pool across the species, much like the diversification and spatial patterns of human language. Vocal cultures have been well-studied in male songbirds but have been largely overlooked in females. Here we undertake one of the first comparisons of male and female song cultures across a songbird metapopulation—studying New Zealand bellbirds Anthornis melanura spanning a network of six islands. Having classified 20,700 syllables (702 types), we compare population syllable repertoire sizes and overlap between sites and sexes. We show that males and females—both with complex songs—have distinct song cultures, sharing only 6–26% of syllable types within each site. Furthermore, male and female syllable types can be statistically discriminated based on acoustic properties. Despite diverse syllable repertoires within sites, few syllable types were shared between sites (both sexes had highly distinct site-specific dialects). For the few types shared between sites, sharing decreased with distance only for males. Overall, there was no significant difference between sexes in degree of site–site repertoire overlap. These results suggest different cultural processes at play for the two sexes, underlining the inadequacy of male-centric song research and calling for comparisons of male and female song cultures in many more species.

Humanities Studies and Jesuit Principles of Education

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE:The objective of the study is to identify key features of the concept of analysing humanitarianism and, eventually, humanity as an important sociogenic factor and its meaning for contemporary education. RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This work focuses on recognizing the conceptual core in the humanist tradition through the analysis of the ancient and Renaissance idea of the study of humanitarianism that dominated in the educational paradigm in the period of the Renaissance humanism and in the development of Jesuit education. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The study indicates interpretative inconsistency in the concept of modern humanism. Trying to explain what is unclear in the humanistic discourse, the author will, first of all, focus on the origin of the Renaissance humanism with its outdated concept of the study of humanitarianism, and then he will present the analysis of the concept of the original, ancient understanding of the study of humanitarianism in the inspiring text of the Renaissance humanistic movement Pro Archia Poeta Oration by Cicero. Finally, the author presents the connection between the analysis of humanitarianism and the Renaissance educational system of Societas Jesu, as well as the perspectives of this tradition and its influence on the present time. RESEARCH RESULTS: In the research, the author identified the ancient and Renaissance concept of studying humanitatis as a key sociogenic factor necessary for the morphogenesis of cultural identity. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS: Humanistic studies, as a lifelong process of cultivating cura personalis according to Jesuit principles, are an important condition for upgrading humanity which is characterized by the fulfillment of the moral dimension of an individual integrated with social and cultural processes of the society. The study indicates the meaning of the epideictic approach to analysing humanitarianism in its function of articulating the cultural identity of the polis.

Mass consumer culture in the information society of the 21st century

В статье отмечается, что массовая культура с момента своего возникновения существует уже на протяжении века. Приводится анализ ряда теоретических работ по проблеме массовой культуры. Отмечается, что развитие информационно-компьютерных технологий и Интернета, появление феномена виртуальной реальности оказало влияние на формы, способы, каналы распространения массовой культуры, поставив перед социологической наукой ряд гносеологических проблем, которые нуждаются в решении. В статье делается акцент на отличиях индустриального общества от информационного, в контексте которых и появляется массовая культура. Анализируется такая функция массовой культуры, как социокультурная общемировая интеграция. Отмечается, что массовая культура постепенно стала приобретать свойства медиакультуры, встраиваясь в пространство информационно-компьютерных и телекоммуникационных технологий. Вместе с тем распространение массовой культуры привело к деформации общественного сознания, усилению унификационных процессов, примитивизации культурных ценностей и росту потребительских аппетитов населения. В то же время, как показала общественно-историческая практика, многие алармистские оценки оказались преувеличены. В этой связи делается вывод о том, что в начале XXI столетия в общественном и научном сообществе возобладало конструктивное понимание функционала масскультурных процессов в изменении духовной жизни человечества. Mass culture since its inception has existed for a century. An analysis of a number of theoretical works on the problem of mass culture is given. The development of information and computer technologies and the Internet, the emergence of the phenomenon of virtual reality has influenced the forms, methods, and channels for spreading mass culture, posing a number of epistemological problems before sociological science that need to be solved. The paper emphasizes the differences between the industrial society and the information society, in the context of which mass culture appears. The function of mass culture, such as sociocultural global integration, is analyzed. It is noted that mass culture gradually began to acquire the properties of media culture, embedded in the space of information, computer and telecommunication technologies. At the same time, the spread of mass culture has led to a deformation of public consciousness, strengthening of unification processes, primitivization of cultural values and an increase in consumer appetites of the population. Simultaneously, as socio-historical practice showed, many alarmist assessments were exaggerated. In this connection, it is concluded that at the beginning of the 21st century, a constructive understanding of the functionality of mass-cultural processes in changing the spiritual life of mankind prevailed in the public and scientific community.

IMPACTOS DO CONTEXTO PANDÊMICO NA SAÚDE MENTAL DOS PROFISSIONAIS DA ÁREA DA SAÚDE

The COVID-19 pandemic reflects in an intense and complex way in social, economic and cultural processes globally, also due to its sanitary nature in the work environment, a phenomenon that impacts and can have repercussions on workers' health. The general objective of this article was to analyze the influence that the pandemic scenario has on the mental health of professionals working in the health area, taking into account their work, quality of life and satisfaction with the organization. The methodology selected for the research was descriptive, qualitative, classified as a bibliographic research, in which the following descriptors were applied: satisfaction and quality of life in the work context, selecting academic sources of information that responded to the proposed objectives and that presented in the context of the pandemic. The results point to the fact that teams from healthcare organizations can be more affected in the context of the scenario, such as the nurses' class. It is portrayed that these professionals are doubly affected by the pandemic, in their work environment, while occupying the front line in the fight against the virus, and in their personal life, when they face the effects of social isolation, the absence of schools as partners, financial insecurity and related issues. Thus, it is concluded that the satisfaction and quality of life in the work environment was significantly affected by the pandemic, contributing to the development even psychological suffering in various spheres, including work stress, especially in environments where professionals from health.

Czy zwierzę może być dziełem sztuki. Kilka refleksji na marginesie książki Jerzego Lutego „Sztuka jako adaptacja”

Art as Adaptation [published in Polish as Sztuka jako adaptacja], a book by Jerzy Luty, provokes one to seek the roots of art not only in cultural processes but also in biological (evolutionary) processes. The consequences of this evolutionistic perspective render the question whether other species, apart from human beings, create art, and if so, how it manifests itself valid. In this paper, I emphasise that if we recognise art as the effect of evolutionary processes, we should also face the fact that at least some species of animals should be treated as authors or creators to some degree. What is more, we should recognise that these animals themselves are works of art. To justify this thesis, naturalists point to birds. The recognition that animals can create art implies another question, namely, whether they have an aesthetic sense. Finally, there is one more question that needs to be reflected upon, which is whether nature itself is beautiful (ugly), or aesthetically neutral, analogous to the question of whether it is good or bad. The latter question is ontological.