An Antisense RNA Fine-Tunes Gene Expression of the Type II MazEF Toxin-Antitoxin System

Next-generation RNA sequencing of numerous organisms has revealed that transcription is widespread across the genome, termed pervasive transcription, and does not adhere to annotated gene boundaries. The function of pervasive transcription is enigmatic and has generated considerable controversy as to whether it is transcriptional noise or biologically relevant.

Exploring Visualisation Methodology of Landscape Design on Rural Tourism in China

Rural tourism has become a hot topic in China in the context of the nation’s rural revitalisation. Rural tourism allows tourists to experience local life and promotes local economic development. However, there is considerable controversy over the landscape design of ancient Chinese villages. Many problems, such as how to design and protect the landscape of these ancient villages and how to improve the tourist experience, are not resolved. For our research object, we selected the ancient Gaotiankeng Village in Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province. Using questionnaires, image interviews, and some user experience techniques such as mental maps, we collected user experience data by assessing design cases. The visualisation method presented a wide range of experience in the landscape and planning field. This study primarily used computer image processing, image entropy calculation, and colour mapping to process the data. A visualisation framework was defined to highlight the landscape aesthetics, landscape service, and tourists’ emotion. The results indicated the relationship of three elements. The objective of our study was to develop a method of landscape design and planning that can effectively enhance tourists’ experience and provide practical suggestions for rural landscapes and relatively better services.

Psychosomatic Approach to Fibromyalgia Syndrome: Concept, Diagnosis and Treatment

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) has chronic widespread pain (CWP) as a core symptom and a variety of associated somatic and psychological symptoms such as fatigue, sleep problems, cognitive disturbances, multiple somatic pain, and depression. FMS is the subject of considerable controversy in the realm of nosology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment.Moreover, the fact that FMS and mental illness are closely associated with each other might intensify the confusion for the distinction between FMS and mental disorders. This narrative literature review aims to provide the concept, diagnosis, and treatment of FMS from the integrative biopsychosocial and psychosomatic perspective. This article first explains the concepts of FMS as a disease entity of biopsychosocial model, and then summarizes the changes of diagnostic criteria over past three decades, differential diagnosis and comorbidity issue focused on mental illnesses. In addition, an overview of treatment of FMS is presented mainly by arranging the recommendations from the international guidelines which have been developed by four official academic associations.

The Historian

This chapter focuses on the historian of philosophy. There is a certain amount of historical evidence in the case of philosophy, mainly in the form of texts, or rather copies thereof, but also of inscriptions or even of archaeological remains. The historian has to collect this evidence, evaluate it, and reconstruct, on its basis, a history which is sufficiently supported by it to make it difficult, if not impossible, to think of an equally plausible, or even more plausible, account that fits the evidence as well. The difficulty is not only that it has become a matter of considerable controversy whether there actually is one characteristic way in which historians ought to go about their business and which way this may be. It also should give one pause for thought that, in fact, general historians do not write history of philosophy. This suggests that the historiography of philosophy is not just a matter of applying the historical method to a particular history. Clearly, the most important point here is that it takes some special competence to write the history of a discipline. Having the competence of a contemporary philosopher allows one to tell which arguments are acceptable and which are not.

“Thief in the Name of Kidd”: Unscrupulous Opportunism and Cheap Print in Late Regency London

William Kidd saw himself as a struggling small publisher of illustrated books operating during the 1830s in a marketplace that favoured large scale firms. His response to his perceived disadvantages was twofold. In seeking to reach a rapidly expanding cohort of leisure-based readers, Kidd deployed aggressive marketing policies that frequently sailed close to the law and generated considerable controversy. He was also less than honest about just who had written or illustrated his books. At the same time, he initiated new genres of relatively cheap illustrated publications based on the recreational interest and habits of an emerging lower middle class and artisan reading public. In particular, he took advantage of the wood engraving as a cheap reprographic medium, and employed highly capable draughtsmen such as Robert Cruikshank, Robert Seymour and George Bonner to illustrate his books and pamphlets. His pocket guides to British seaside resorts, his development of the illustrated reprints known as jeu d’esprit or Facetiae and his packaging up of sayings, mottos and nuggets of information into small format gatherings all show a lively minded and innovative response to the rapidly changing literary marketplace. Kidd’s career suggests both the legally chaotic nature of the literary marketplace and the entrepreneurial opportunities offered to a shrewd if unscrupulous publisher in late Regency London.

“Fear of stopping” vs “wanting to get off the medication”: exploring women’s experiences of using domperidone as a galactagogue - a qualitative study

Background Domperidone is the most frequently prescribed medicine used to increase breast milk supply. There is considerable controversy surrounding the use of domperidone in lactation, due to limited evidence about efficacy and concerns about rare but life-threatening side-effects. Despite this, in many high-income settings such as Australia, use of domperidone among breastfeeding mothers appears to be increasing. The aim of this paper was to explore women’s experiences of using domperidone during breastfeeding. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2019 with 15 women in Australia who reported using domperidone as a galactagogue during breastfeeding. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. Results Women reported a wide variety of practices concerning the timing of initiation of domperidone use, including prophylactic use, as well as the dose and duration of use. Prolonged periods of use and unsupervised dosing were commonly reported, these practices were sometimes associated with a fear of the consequences of stopping, insufficient provision of information about the drug or feeling dismissed by health professionals. Some women indicated that when doctors refused to prescribe domperidone they responded by doctor shopping and seeking anecdotal information about benefits and risks online, leading to unsupervised practices. Women often reported high expectations surrounding the effectiveness of domperidone, and most used the medication in conjunction with food/herbal galactagogues and non-galactagogue support. Positive outcomes following domperidone use included having greater confidence in breastfeeding and pride at achieving breastfeeding goals. Conclusions This study identified a variety of practices concerning domperidone use, including potentially unsafe practices, linked in some cases to inconsistent advice from health professionals and a reliance on online, anecdotal information sources. These findings emphasise the urgent need for development of clinical practice guidelines and a greater focus on translating existing evidence concerning domperidone into clinical practice, including clinical support that is tailored to women’s needs.

Overview of Mindset and Attitudes of 2017 FK UKI Students about Euthanasia

Medical workers sometimes receive Euthanasia requests from patients or their families. In Indonesia, Euthanasia is still a considerable controversy, especially about how it counters norms that have been attached in Indonesia. This study aims to see the illustration of mindset and attitude of Medical Students of Christian University of Indonesia 2017 generation regarding Euthanasia. This study was conducted in August-November 2018 using the descriptive survey method, with data from questionnaires given to 120 samples of Medical Students of Universitas Kristen Indonesia 2017 generation. The sample was picked using simple random sampling. The univariate analysis result shows 26,9% of respondents agreed to legalization and support from the medical workers, and 55% of respondents agreed to the act of Euthanasia. Key words: Euthanasia, mindset, attitude.

Recursion: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?

Recursion is a topic of considerable controversy in linguistics, which stems from its varying definitions and its key features, such as its universality, uniqueness to human language, and evolution. Currently, there appear to be at least two common senses of recursion: (1) embeddedness of phrases within other phrases, which entails keeping track of long-distance dependencies among phrases and (2) the specification of the computed output string itself, including meta-recursion, where recursion is both the recipe for an utterance and the overarching process that creates and executes the recipes. There are also at least two evolutionary scenarios for the adaptive value of recursion in human language. The gradualist position posits precursors, such as animal communication and protolanguages, and holds that the selective purpose of recursion was for communication. The saltationist position assumes no gradual development of recursion and posits that it evolved for reasons other than communication. In the latter view, some heritable event associated with a cognitive prerequisite of language, such as Theory of Mind or working memory capacity, allowed recursive utterances. Evolutionary adaptive reasons for recursive thoughts were also proffered, including diplomatic speech, perlocutionary acts, and prospective cognitions.

The Tales of Alphanumerical Symbols in Media: The Case of Bitcoin

Bitcoin, a decentralized cryptocurrency, has not only given rise to a wave of digital innovations but also stirred up considerable controversy. Some have hailed it as the most significant innovation since the Internet, while others have dismissed it as a Ponzi scheme that should be abandoned and forbidden. Regardless of these varying views, this is an innovation in need of scrutiny. In this paper we present a metastory of Bitcoin, based on an interpretative study of 737 news articles between 2011–2019. Through our analysis, we identified five narratives, including The Dark Side, The Bright Side, The Tulip Mania, The Idea, and The Normality. Our analysis demonstrates the interpretive flexibility of technology as influenced by ideologies, and we construct a theoretical model demonstrating media’s role as constructor and conduit. The metastory provides an institutional look at the broader interpretations of digital innovations as well as the multifaceted nature of digital innovations and how their interpretation evolve over time.

Police Criminality: Nature and Extent of Crimes Committed by Female Police Officers

Given the recent attention focusing on “bad apples” in police departments across the country, police behaviors have been the subject of considerable controversy and protest. Still, research indicates that rates of officially reported police crime are relatively low. In addition, crimes committed by female officers are largely understudied in this male-dominated workplace. Therefore, the current study explores the attributes associated with police crime committed by female officers using national arrest data. Results obtained from a multilevel model demonstrate the influences of individual- and agency-level variables in explaining female officers’ criminality. Findings reveal that while on-duty female officers are more likely to commit economically motivated and drug-related crimes, off-duty officers are more likely to engage in violent and alcohol-related crimes. Moreover, contextual factors such as types of agency and numbers of sworn officers predicted female officers’ criminality. Current findings highlight the importance of policies that would directly address female criminality in law enforcement.