An Early Missionary Syllabary for the Hangzhou Dialect

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-524
Author(s):  
Richard VanNess Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Prayer Book ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Church Missionary Society ◽  
Over 40 Years ◽  
The Church

A picture of the phonology of the Hangzhou dialect at the turn of the century is found in a short book entitled Sound-table of the Hangchow dialect that was published in 1902 by the Church Missionary Society in Shàoxīng. The author of the book is not identified, but its production was no doubt associated with Bishop George Evans Moule, who for over 40 years, beginning in 1864, operated a mission in Hángzhōu affiliated with the Church Missionary Society. The spellings used in this book, which presents a syllabary of the Hángzhōu dialect, presumably reflect the system used in two textbooks on the dialect and a prayer book in colloquial Hángzhōu all written by Bishop Moule. The same spelling system was also used in a Hángzhōu vernacular translation of Matthew from the New Testament which was published sometime in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.

Ecclesia as Gathering Only? Evaluating the use of Scripture in Proposals of the “Knox-Robinson Ecclesiology”

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-69
Author(s):  
C. Ryan Fields
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The Church

Broughton Knox and Donald Robinson, Sydney Anglicans serving and writing in the second half of the twentieth century, offered various theological proposals regarding the nature of the church that stressed the priority of the local over the translocal. The interdependence and resonance of their proposals led to an association of their work under the summary banner of the “Knox-Robinson Ecclesiology.” Their dovetailed contribution offers in many ways a compelling understanding of the nature of the ecclesia spoken of in Scripture. In this paper I introduce, summarize, and evaluate the Knox-Robinson ecclesiology with a particular eye to Knox's and Robinson's use of Scripture in authorizing their theological proposals. I argue that while they provide an important corrective to the inflation of the earthly translocal dimension of the church, they are not ultimately persuasive in their claim that the New Testament knows only the church as an earthly/heavenly gathering.

Making a Space for Antisemitism: The Catholic Hierarchy and the Jews in the Early Twentieth Century

2003 ◽  
pp. 415-430
Author(s):  
Brian Porter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Common ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Church

This chapter argues that as recently as the 1880s, Catholicism, as it existed in Poland at the time, was still somewhat resistant to expressions of antisemitism. Catholicism, in other words, was configured in such a way in the late nineteenth century as to make it hard for antisemites to express their views without moving to the very edges of the Catholic framework. Catholicism and antisemitism did overlap at the time, but the common ground was much more confined than it would later become. If one moves forward fifty years, to the 1930s, one sees a different picture: the discursive boundaries of Catholicism in Poland had shifted to such a degree that antisemitism became not only possible, but also difficult to avoid. The upshot of this argument is that Catholicism in Poland is not antisemitic in any sort of essential way, and that religion did not directly generate the forms of hatred that would become so deadly and virulent in the early twentieth century. None the less, Catholicism did become amenable to antisemitism in Poland, so much so that the Church in Poland between the wars was one of the country's leading sources of prejudice and animosity.

The Publication and Distribution of Karamanli Texts by the British and Foreign Bible Society Before 1850, II

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Clogg
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Church Missionary Society ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Church

The Rev. H. D. Leeves, recently appointed as the British and Foreign Bible Society's first full time agent in the Levant, arrived in Constantinople in January 1821. Before this time the Society's interests in Turkey had been promoted at different times by the Rev. Robert Pinkerton; the Rev. Henry Lindsay, Chaplain to the Embassy in Constantinople; and the Rev. James Connor, an agent of the Church Missionary Society. Within a short time of his arrival Leeves was reporting to the Committee in London on the position with regard to the Society's proposed edition of the New Testament in Karamanlidika, that is, in Turkish printed with Greek characters. In a letter of 8 February 1821 he reported that ‘the transcription of the Turkish Testament, in Greek characters, has advanced very little. This is upon the whole fortunate, and I think it will be best to suspend it entirely until the corrected edition is ready. The Secretary to the Patriarch (i.e., Alexander Petropolis), who has undertaken this work, has so little time to spare, that I believe it will be necessary to look out for another person to perform it, when the amended copy is ready to be put into his hands’.

Debating the Legal Status of the Ornaments Rubric: Ritualism and Royal Commissions in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century England

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 434-454
Author(s):  
Dan D. Cruickshank
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Royal Commission ◽  
The Public ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Parliamentary Oversight ◽  
The Church

This article uses the history of the Ornaments Rubric in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century to explore the emergence of claims to self-governance within the Church of England in this period and the attempts by parliament to examine how independent the legal system of the church was from the secular state. First, it gives an overview of the history of the Ornaments Rubric in the various editions of the Book of Common Prayer and the Acts of Uniformity, presenting the legal uncertainty left by centuries of Prayer Book revision. It then explores how the Royal Commission into Ritualism (1867–70) and the Public Worship Regulation Act (1874) attempted to control Ritualist interpretations of the Ornaments Rubric through secular courts. Examining the failure of these attempts, it looks towards the Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Discipline (1904–6). Through the evidence given to the commission, it shows how the previous royal commission and the work of parliament and the courts had failed to stop the continuation of Ritualist belief in the church's independence from secular courts. Using the report of the royal commission, it shows how the commissioners attempted to build a via media between strict spiritual independence and complete parliamentary oversight.

Social Gospels Thrived Outside the Church

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-202
Author(s):  
Heath W. Carter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Liberalism ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Church

Three vignettes underscore that, in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century United States, social gospels often fared best outside the walls of the institutional churches. They also reveal diverging interpretations of Christianity and the church that begin to explain the divergence between religious liberalism and social progressivism during this time.

The Death of Everyone: Robert Lifton, Christian Theology and Apocalyptic Imagery

Horizons ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Bregman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Spiritual Meaning ◽  
Symbolic Immortality ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Contemporary Life ◽  
The New Testament

AbstractThis paper explores an issue raised by psychologist Robert Lifton in The Broken Connection. Lifton believes the present threat of total extinction through nuclear war has drastically affected humanity's ability to reconnect life and death, and to make individual death meaningful. The death of everyone—as an imaginable possibility—defeats all expressions of “symbolic immortality,” affirmations of continuity and hope.How has Christian theology met this predicament? Twentieth-century history has been so menacing and overwhelming that some theologians have found in apocalyptic-eschatological imagery the most appropriate framework to encounter that history and discern its spiritual meaning. Yet this imagery, even when de-literalized, provides at best ambiguous answers. Early twentieth-century theology—Schweitzer, Case—recognized the importance of apocalyptic thought for the New Testament, but easily repudiated this for contemporary life. In contrast, later thinkers such as Cullman, Brunner, and Moltmann make extensive use of eschatological imagery. However, they face the problem raised by Lifton: how to make “hope” vivid to readers already gripped by a future of possible universal catastrophe.

Imagining Peaceful Conquest

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-78
Author(s):  
Katherine D. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Epic Poem ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter focuses on the depiction of Jacques Marquette as a model of civilizing empire. It talks about Marquette's admirers who drew on and transformed historical sources, hagiography, and even anti-Jesuit discourse to depict the Jesuit as a particularly effective civilizer because of his ability to embody gentleness and bravery at the same time, which they often described as his embodiment of both “female” and “male” attributes. The chapter also provides an analysis of the ongoing popularity of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 epic poem, The Song of Hiawatha. It also argues that some turn-of-the-century Hiawatha readers invoked the poem's Marquette figure as a way to imagine and celebrate their own ongoing attempts at purportedly “peaceful” forms of conquest through the forced assimilation of Native Americans. The chapter ends with a review of the Marquette of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century commemorations that became a prototypical embodiment of imperial vision of domination without violence.

The Mansana Collection. A Treasury of Japanese Art in Barcelona at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-209
Author(s):  
Ricard Bru
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Japanese Art ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Abstract Josep Mansana Dordan, a well-known Catalan late-nineteenth-century businessman, founded what is considered the finest collection of Japanese art established in Catalonia and in Spain at the turn of the century. In the early twentieth century, the Mansana Collection, as it was known, enjoyed popularity and prestige in Barcelona thanks to its constant expansion driven by the founder’s son, Josep Mansana Terrés, also an entrepreneur. The collection was well known at the time, but fell into oblivion after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. It was not until 2013 that, on the occasion of the exhibition Japonisme. La fascinació per l’art japonès, the collection began to be rediscovered and studied. This article aims to present a first complete overview of the history and characteristics of the old Mansana Collection and its impact on Barcelona at and immediately after the turn of the twentieth century.

The Authenticity and Authority of Islam

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 89-115
Author(s):  
Deanna Ferree Womack
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Church Missionary Society ◽  
The Church

This paper examines the concept of Islamic authority in relation to early twentieth-century Protestant missionary writings on Islam and Muhammad Rashid Rida’s commentaries on mission publications in his Cairo-based journal, al-Manar. While Rida’s Salafi reformism has been the subject of much discussion, scholars have given little attention to the content of the missionary writings Rida engaged. Treatments of Rida’s work have also neglected to address the vision of Islamic authority that emerges from his responses to Christian polemics. This paper gives both subjects further consideration as it discusses Protestant missionary approaches to Islam, examines Rida’s writings on Christianity, and assesses his response to a widely circulated article on Islam by Temple Gairdner, a prominent British missionary with the Church Missionary Society in Egypt.

Women in the Irish Protestant Foreign Missions c. 1873-1914: Representations and Motivations

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 170-185
Author(s):  
Myrtle Hill
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Feminist Perspectives ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Economic Developments ◽  
The Church ◽  
God's Work

The importance of women’s contribution to foreign missionary work has now been well established, with a range of studies, particularly from Canada, America, and Britain, exploring the topic from both religious and feminist perspectives. The role of Irishwomen, however, has neither been researched in any depth nor recorded outside denominational histories in which they are discussed, if at all, only marginally, and only in relation to their supportive contribution to the wider mission of the Church. The motivations, aspirations, experiences, and achievements of the hundreds of women who left Ireland to do God’s work in India, China, Africa, or Egypt are yet to be explored. My intention in this paper is to discuss their work and the ways in which they have been represented in the context of socio-economic developments in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Ireland, to determine how the interaction of class, gender, and religion helped shape their missionary endeavours.

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