Review of Literature on Teaching English Vocabularies Through Games to Young Language Learners

In the last two decades, learning English has become a popular activity in Iran (Sadeghi & Richards, 2015). There has been a remarkable increase in the number of private language schools in the country. In Iran, interest in English has risen due to the status of the language as a lingua franca and its necessity for technical, scientific, and economic developments. Meanwhile, vocabulary is deemed as one of the most crucial aspects of learning a language. Currently, vocabularies are taught through traditional methods; therefore, young learners lose their interest over time. This paper aims to substantiate that games are profoundly effective in teaching vocabularies and affect young learners’ motivation and engagement with the language. This paper presents a review of literature on teaching English vocabularies through games to young English language learners in Iran. It discusses the practical instructions of games and how games could be taught more effectively. It describes the suitability and implication of games and how they should be selected and implemented by teachers. Three games are introduced for teaching vocabularies and followed by a discussion on the inherent challenges of teaching vocabularies through games.

The role of tax accounting as a tool in light of the problematic shadow economy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The increasing phenomenon of the shadow economy is progressing dramatically in the absence of State culture among officials, whether legislators or implementers, in the absence or ineffectiveness of an organized production sector. Non-compliance with tax accounting procedures is one of the first problems generated by the shadow economy and most difficult not to include it in national output. The lack of tax commitment in the shadow economy leads to an annual tax gap of billions of dollars, if there is no logical interest on the part of the taxing bodies in developing countries, and if domestic and international tax provisions and legislation are not amended to consider of these important economic developments, and how to keep up with this. The issue of the shadow economy is thorny, and the practical way to raise the revenue needed to finance government spending on the goods and services required by society lies in the local and international tax treatment at the technical and legislative levels. Consequently, the current tax systems and their related regulations must be prepared, whether at the technical or legislative level, especially in light of the flow rate of oil barrels and the alternative if it comes into force. The taxation processes allow time to study the tax accounting and tax and take what suits the Saudi environment from them - lessons for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Critical terms for research/shadow economy, tax regulations and systems, tax gab, tax accounting.

Revisiting the Public Administration Education

Political and economic developments in the 20th century affected the forms and preferences of public service delivery. In addition, the increasing demands and expectations of citizens, the development in information and communication technologies and, finally, international crises, and in particular, COVID-19 pandemic lead to differences on the idea of public administration (PA) discipline and education. South Korea has become one of the prominent countries in the field of PA with its great transformation and change in the historical process. The foremost aim of this study is to scrutinize the PA of South Korea, which has successes in many policy areas in the past 50 years, from the perspective of education and discipline development. To this end, the emergence and the development of the discipline and education of PA in South Korea will be discussed. In addition, the discipline of PA in South Korea will be examined in terms of internationalization and global engagement. Finally, policy recommendations regarding the South Korean PA education and discipline will be presented.

Institutional conditions for the implementation of sustainable development on the example of self-governing agricultural bodies in Poland

Motivation: The need for balance in the social, environmental and economic developments has been explored by numerous academic disciplines and fostered the implementation of subsequent political agendas both at the global and local levels. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the United Nations in 2015 is an example of an international initiative for sustainable development. All the goals of the Agenda were determined in view of global civilizational challenges, but in order for them to be implemented various stakeholders have to be involved, and projects on a national, regional, and local scale have to be carried out. Given the postulate of creating multilateral public and public-private partnerships for sustainable development and the principle of subsidiarity, it seems important to take into account the role of self-governing agricultural bodies in the system, implementing sustainable development goals. Agricultural self-governance is exercised in Poland through agricultural chambers established as public-law associations, forming part of the institutional system of public administration. The scope of tasks performed by these agricultural chambers covers matters of agriculture and rural development, including sustainable development. Aim: In her study the author seeks to answer the questions of whether the self-governing agricultural bodies in Poland are the key entities in the implementation of the postulates of sustainable development, or whether the competences of these agricultural chambers allow them to fully use the social potential of farmers for the dissemination of the concept of sustainable development. Results: The results of the survey demonstrate that the self-governing agricultural bodies play only a superficial role in the implementation of the sustainable development postulates. Although these agricultural chambers are formally established in the public law system, they do not have sufficient executive power, or material, human and financial resources to engage in effective action. The potential of the self-governing agricultural bodies to achieve the goals of sustainable development is not being fully used.

THE PERCEPTION OF SMES BANKRUPTCY CONCERNING CSR IMPLEMENTATION

This study aims to evaluate the perception of bankruptcy by small and medium-sized enterprises from the V4 region. CSR implementation in business activities was selected as the comparison criterion. The research paper is based on a questionnaire survey of 1585 respondents. The data were collected from September 2019 to January 2020. The research hypotheses were evaluated using the χ-quadrat test and Z-score statistical methods. Differences between the enterprises which implemented CSR in business and other companies were found. The research focused on bankruptcy perception as a natural part of the business and as a valuable experience for future company development. Entrepreneur failure and self-confidence showed that V4 SMEs with implemented CSR are less likely to go bankrupt if adverse economic developments occur. However, less than 50% of entrepreneurs consider bankruptcy as a valuable experience for further business. The majority of managers who have experience with CSR implementation positively differed in their opinions versus those without this experience. In general, V4 entrepreneurs who implemented CSR have a more positive perception of bankruptcy questions. The results may be interesting for those who promote or implement CSR in the focused countries. Our findings can be helpful for entrepreneurs to consider the benefits of being socially responsible in the working environment conception.

Depleting Time Itself: The Plight of Today’s “Human” Environment

Earth, and its human societies, are seized with the triple crises of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pervasive and escalating levels of pollution. In the 50 years since the 1972 UN Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE), States and UN Environment Program (UNEP) have created an entirely new body of international environmental law, and agreed on the UN Sustainable Development Goals for further socio-economic developments to help the 7.9 billion people on Earth today, and the 1.5 more billion expected soon. The article highlights the accomplishments of the past five decades, launched in Stockholm. However, beyond depleting the resources of Earth’s natural and physical environment, humanity has also depleted time itself. There is not enough time left to permit the pace of environmental law-making to lead to success. Political will has eroded too, leaving “business as usual” to continue to harm the environment. Fortunately, most nations have recognized the right to the environment, and the UN General Assembly is asked to do so in 2022. At the same time, courts around the world are increasingly enforcing environmental rights. If courts world-wide begin to enforce the right to the environment, pathways to attaining sustainable development can be developed beyond Stockholm+50 (2022).

Rural areas of the EU and the influence of globalization on the youth unemployment issue

To speak about the framework of youth unemployment, there is a strong correlation between the economic performance of the state, the general unemployment rate, and the youth unemployment rate. Most important for the states to improve statistics are to work on economic performance and create better possibilities for the young population of society. The growing economic environment will have a positive effect on the unemployment rate in the short run, but it still tends to be the most important issue of states. Besides, policies might concentrate on developing the areas that will bring into the scale a high potential of employment growth. As an example, we can bring the area of tourism, social services, environmental management, etc. which will be more attractive to young people and will have more potential to get employed. It is obvious, that to develop in the framework of unemployment and especially to concentrate on the youth generation of society, the country needs a full package of economic developments. Youth unemployment is directly linked to the general and broader development stages of the state. Another issue that we have not tackled so far is the unemployment of youth in rural areas.

Wage Earners in India 1500–1900:Regional Approaches in an International Context

The study of wage levels and the purchasing power of wages is often viewed as a specialized academic topic of little concern to the wider public. This is far from being the case, as this book demonstrates. The study of wages opens up vistas of the daily life of the working people, of their standards of living and, therefore, addresses questions of larger economic developments and unequal power relationships in a region. Wage Earners in India 1500–1900: Regional Approaches in an International Context brings together several scholars—young and veteran—to study new data and reinterpret older data from a fresh methodological perspective to locate India within global economic systems more effectively. This book • identifies previously unused and unpublished material for the study of wages • underlines the importance of wages as a source of income for Indians from early times • demonstrates the trends in wages over the period under review • stresses the need to take women into account for the reconstruction of household income

Evaluation of Mixed Frequency Approaches for Tracking Near-Term Economic Developments in North Macedonia

Aggregate demand forecasting, also known as nowcasting when it applies to current quarter assessment, is of notable interest to policy makers. This paper concentrates on the empirical methods dealing with mixed-frequency data. In particular, it focuses on the MIDAS approach and its later extension, the Bayesian MFVAR. The two strategies are evaluated in terms of their accuracy to nowcast Macedonian GDP growth, using same monthly frequency data set. The results of this study indicate that the MIDAS regressions demonstrate comparable forecasting performance to that of MF-VAR model. Moreover, it is interesting to note that the two approaches are reciprocal, since in general, their combined forecast demonstrates clear superiority in predicting business cycle turning points. Additionally, the MF-VAR model showed higher precision in times of increased uncertainty.

THE IMPACT OF ISLAMIC MONETARY OPERATIONS AND AGGREGATE FINANCING ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDONESIA (2010-2020)

Islamic monetary operation policies are regulated to increase the effectiveness in facing economic developments, especially the monetary sector. The working mechanism of the Islamic monetary operation up to its impact on the development of the national economy illustrates the monetary policy transmission carried out by Bank Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of Bank Indonesia Sharia Certificate (SBIS), Bank Indonesia Sharia Deposit Facility (FASBIS), Sharia Interbank Money Market (PUAS), and aggregate financing on Indonesia's economic growth in the period 2010 to 2020. This research method uses a quantitative approach with the analysis technique Vector Auto Regression (VAR) or Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to see the long-term impact and shock response on certain variables. Using secondary data on the variables, it is obtained from the Indonesian Economic and Financial Statistics Bank Indonesia (SEKI-BI) and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) for the period January 2010 to December 2020. This study found that the SBIS variable has a negative relationship with GDP. Meanwhile, the variables FASBIS, PUAS, and aggregate financing have a positive relationship with GDP. For the future, it can be used as input and consideration in policy making that will be determined in optimizing Islamic monetary policy in Indonesia. Further research that will discuss this topic should use Islamic monetary instruments that are more complete than Islamic open market operations and sharia standing facilities. As well as comparing with conventional monetary operation instruments as a comparison for Islamic monetary.