Rainfall influence on imazethapyr bioactivity in New Jersey soils

Greenhouse studies were conducted with soil columns to determine the influence of rainfall amount, intensity, and time of application on the bioactivity of 0.07 kg ae ha−1imazethapyr in three soils of New Jersey: the Berryland sand (BLS) (sandy, siliceous, mesic Typic Haplaquod), Aura sandy loam (ASL) (mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult), and Quakertown silt loam (QSIL) (mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult). The Brockman-Duke simulated rainfall machine was used for rainfall application and smooth pigweed as an imazethapyr bioactivity indicator. As rainfall amount increased from low to high (75 to 300 mm mo−1equivalent) imazethapyr bioactivity declined significantly in BLS and ASL but was unaffected in QSIL. Rainfall intensity from 6 to 25 mm h−1had no effect on imazethapyr bioactivity in the three soils. A delay in rainfall application up to 14 d after herbicide application significantly reduced the bioactivity of imazethapyr in BLS but had no effect in ASL and QSIL.

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Chloride and Lithium Transport in Large Arrays of Undisturbed Silt Loam and Sandy Loam Soil Columns

Vadose Zone Journal ◽

10.2136/vzj2004.0316 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 316

Author(s):

M. Saleem Akhtar ◽

Tammo S. Steenhuis ◽

Brian K. Richards ◽

Murray B. McBride

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Lithium Transport ◽

Loam Soil

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Mobility of Herbicides in Soil Columns Under Saturated- and Unsaturated-Flow Conditions

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500041229 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 579-584 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Jerome B. Weber ◽

David M. Whitacre

Keyword(s):

Unsaturated Flow ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

High Water ◽

Loamy Sand ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Flow Conditions ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Saturated Flow

Under unsaturated-flow conditions, bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) was considerably more mobile than buthidazole {3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxyl-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone}. Because of their high water solubilities, both herbicides were much more mobile than atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), prometon [2,4-bis (isopropylamino)-6-methoxy-s-triazine], or diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea]. Under saturated-flow conditions, buthidazole was leached through Lakeland loamy sand in slightly greater amounts than tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} or CN-10-3510 (formerly VEL 3510) {1-β,β-dimethoxyl-1-methyl-3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea}. Distribution of the three herbicides in the leached soil was similar and relatively uniform. In Lakeland loamy sand, 30 times as much tebuthiuron was leached under saturated-flow conditions as under unsaturated-flow conditions. Intermittent saturated-unsaturated-flow conditions resulted in four times as much leaching of tebuthiuron as unsaturated flow alone. Only one-tenth as much tebuthiuron leached under intermittent saturated-unsaturated-flow conditions as under saturated-flow conditions. Tebuthiuron added to Lakeland soil and oven-dried was retained in significantly greater amounts than when added to moist Lakeland soil. Low amounts of tebuthiuron leached through Lakeland loamy sand, Portsmouth sandy loam, and Rains silt loam, but high amounts leached through Davidson clay. Greater amounts of the herbicide were retained in the surface zones of the three former soils, but the inverse was the case for the Davidson soil.

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Degradation and Leaching of Methazole in Soil

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450003352x ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 304-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

F.E. Brockman ◽

W.B. Duke

Keyword(s):

Environmental Conditions ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Total Radioactivity ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Simulated Rainfall ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Rainfall Simulator ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Original Amount ◽

Over Time

The degradation and leaching of methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione] and metabolites in Elmwood sandy loam soil over time in response to average spring environmental conditions was studied by using soil columns placed on a rainfall simulator in an environmental growth chamber. Methazole was degraded to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DCPMU) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea (DCPU) over a 6-week period following methazole application, during which the soil columns received simulated rainfall of 1.27 cm every fourth day. Methazole level decreased to 27% of the original amount while DCPMU and DCPU levels increased to 53% and 1%, respectively. Of the total radioactivity remaining in the soil columns after 44 days and after 14 cm rainfall, approximately 80% remained above a depth of 6.35 mm.

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Prometryn Movement Across and Through the Soil

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500053042 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 285-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

F. L. Baldwin ◽

P. W. Santelmann ◽

J. M. Davidson

Keyword(s):

Rainfall Intensity ◽

Simulated Rainfall ◽

Field Soil ◽

Runoff Water ◽

Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽

Water Fraction ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Dry Soil ◽

Runoff Losses ◽

Runoff Plots

Specially constructed runoff plots were used to study the effect of simulated rainfall intensity, antecedent soil moisture, and subsequent rainfall on prometryn [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methylthio-s-triazine] movement across and through a field soil with a 1% slope. The first cm (45.4 L) of runoff was collected and subdivided. The initial 3.8 L of runoff water generally contained a higher concentration of prometryn than did a composite from the next 41.6 L. The sediment contained a higher prometryn concentration than did the runoff water. However, due to the greater volume of water lost compared to sediment, over 90% of the prometryn lost was in the water fraction. When prometryn was applied to a dry soil and rainfall simulated, runoff losses of prometryn were 0.5% or less of the total amount initially applied. The first runoff producing simulated rainfall caused the largest prometryn losses, but prometryn could not be detected in the runoff 1 month subsequent to application. Prometryn was never detected at soil depths greater than 5 cm. Prometryn runoff was greater from plots in which the soil was wet at the time of application.

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Chloride and Lithium Transport in Large Arrays of Undisturbed Silt Loam and Sandy Loam Soil Columns

Vadose Zone Journal ◽

10.2136/vzj2004.3160 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 316-316

Author(s):

M. Saleem Akhtar ◽

Tammo S. Steenhuis ◽

Brian K. Richards ◽

Murray B. McBride

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Lithium Transport ◽

Loam Soil

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Herbicide runoff studies in an arable soil under simulated rainfall

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3889 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 55 ◽

pp. 172-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

K. M?ller ◽

M. Trolove ◽

T.K. James ◽

A. Rahman

Keyword(s):

Rainfall Intensity ◽

Arable Soil ◽

Water Phase ◽

Simulated Rainfall ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Clay Loam Soil ◽

Herbicide Residues ◽

Runoff Potential ◽

Loam Soil

Runoff potential of five herbicides (acetochlor atrazine hexazinone pendimethalin and terbuthylazine) was investigated on a fallow Hamilton clay loam soil with a 10 slope Twentyfour hours after the herbicide application simulated rainfall was applied at three intensities Sediment amounts and herbicide concentrations were determined in the water phase of runoff samples Herbicide residues attached to sediment were estimated using Kdvalues determined locally for the Hamilton clay loam soil Pesticide concentrations were the highest in the first runoff samples and decreased exponentially with further rain Results show that herbicides were primarily transported in their dissolved forms in runoff and that losses are dependent on the time to runoff and runoff rates Rainfall intensity had no significant effect on herbicide losses In all cases losses were

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Solute movement through two unsaturated soils

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9950585 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 585 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

GN Magesan ◽

I Vogeler ◽

DR Scotter ◽

BE Clothier ◽

RW Tillman

Keyword(s):

Unsaturated Soils ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Breakthrough Curves ◽

Dead Volume ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Concentration Data ◽

Fine Sandy Loam ◽

Solute Movement ◽

Structured Soil

Simple and inexpensive apparatus is described for studying the solute movement during unsaturated water flow through intact soil columns. A preset pressure head is maintained at the top and bottom of the soil. The applied solution is easily changed, and there is negligible 'dead volume' both above and beneath the soil. Columns 37-150 mm long, carved from the A horizons of a well structured silt loam and a weakly structured fine sandy loam, were used in the apparatus. After the soil was preleached with calcium sulfate solution, solid potassium nitrate was applied, followed by a solution of potassium chloride. Nitrate and chloride concentrations in the effluent, and in the soil after leaching, were measured. With the imposed pressure heads of between -40 and -150 mm, flow rates ranged from 0 . 5 to 9 mm/h. The convection dispersion equation (CDE) with the appropriate boundary conditions was found to adequately describe the flow of chloride and nitrate in both soils. The outflow concentration data indicated all the soil water participated in the solute transport, and the chloride breakthrough curves scaled with column length as predicted by the CDE rather than by stochastic-convective theory. The dispersivity values for the well structured silt loam were 15 and 19 mm. The values for the weakly structured fine sandy loam were 68 and 27 mm. The dispersivity may be a useful structure index, as well as being the key parameter needed to describe solute movement. The resident concentration data indicated all the water in the well structured soil was mobile, but about 15% of the water in the weakly structured soil was relatively immobile.

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Influence of Moisture on Soil-Incorporated Diclofop

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450004354x ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 83-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Christiaan E. G. Mulder ◽

John D. Nalewaja

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Wild Oat ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Water Volumes ◽

And Control ◽

Wilting Point

The influence of soil moisture on wild oat control from soil-incorporated methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy] propanoic} was determined in the greenhouse. Wild oat control with soil-incorporated diclofop at 1.5 or 3 ppmw increased linearly when soil moisture in a Tiffany sandy loam increased from 18.5 to 23.5% (75% to 125% of field capacity). The efficacy of soil-incorporated diclofop was not reduced when soil moisture was allowed to decrease from 21 (field capacity) to 18.5, 16, 13.5, or 11% (wilting point) before rewatering to 21%. The soil moisture level at the time of herbicide application determined the degree of wild oat control with soil-incorporated diclofop. Wild oat control with diclofop increased when a Tiffany sandy loam with 16% moisture (50% of field capacity) at the time of herbicide application, was watered to field capacity after 8 or 12 days delay, and control did not change with watering to field capacity at the time of herbicide application or when delayed 4 or 16 days. The movement of14C-diclofop in soil columns was greater within coarse than fine textured soils and increased with water volumes applied, regardless of soil type. Further, the leachability of14C-diclofop was two and a half times greater than that of14C-trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine).

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