38.—Development of Ideas concerning the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea Water up to 1940.

1972 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Chemistry ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Mass Action Law

SynopsisMarcet reported in 1822 that sea salt contained lime, and several investigators confirmed its presence in sea water in the 1830s. Darondeau found dissolved CO2 in sea water in 1838, and von Bibra in 1851 considered sea water to be slightly alkaline. Tornöe in 1880 pointed out that this condition required part of the CO2 to be bound chemically, and Hamberg applied the mass action law to the CO2-system in sea water in 1885. For nearly 50 years, however, despite the development of the concepts of pH and activity, attempts to apply the law in detail failed, first because the behaviour of H2CO3 and HCO3− as weak acids is strikingly different in pure water, sea water or NaCl solutions, and secondly because the presence and role of another weak acid, boric acid, was not recognised fully until 1933. Investigators often attributed their failures to some mysterious ability of the sea to disregard or evade the laws of physical chemistry. Buch in 1933 and 1938 finally laid this hobgoblin to rest, and his results are still accepted with only minor modifications.

scholarly journals Boric acid: a simple molecule of physiologic, therapeutic and prebiotic significance

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgul Zumreoglu-Karan ◽  
Dursun Ali Kose
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Complexing Agent ◽  
Hydroxy Acids ◽  
Chelate Complexes ◽  
Simple Molecule ◽  
Donor Acceptor ◽  
Catalytic Role

AbstractBoric acid, H3BO3, is a weak acid and at physiological pH is in the form of an uncharged small molecule. Behaving as a Lewis acid, it forms complexes with amino- and hydroxy acids, carbohydrates, nucleotides and vitamins through electron donor-acceptor interactions. These interactions are believed to be beneficial for human health. Synthetic bis-chelate complexes of boric acid with organic biomolecules are therefore considered for nutritional and/or pharmaceutical applications. The use of boric acid for BNCT has gained attention due to the short biological half-life, solubility, plasma circulation and the non-selective soft tissue accumulation properties of this simple molecule. Complexation of boric acid with sugars is of particular importance in understanding the role of boron as a carrier for nucleotides and carbohydrates. A potential and catalytic role of boric acid in peptide and nucleic acid synthesis and in the stabilization of sugar molecules by acting as a complexing agent have been demonstrated. Its possible role as a phosphorylation chaperone in a prebiotic world has been recently suggested. This contribution reviews the highlights in the physiologic, therapeutic and prebiotic significance of boric acid in the last decade.

scholarly journals Sea Water Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Involving Sea Salt Deposition: Role of Deposited Sea Salt

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (0) ◽  
pp. 0146
Author(s):  
Yasuo Koizumi ◽  
Shinichiro Uesawa ◽  
Ayako Ono ◽  
Mitsuhiko Shibata ◽  
Hiroyuki Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Boiling Heat Transfer ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Flow Boiling ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Salt Deposition ◽  
Flow Boiling Heat Transfer ◽  
Sea Salt Deposition

A Kinetic Model for the Chemical Composition of Sea Water

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Broecker
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Overlying Water ◽  
Chemical Equilibria ◽  
Isotopic Measurements

The thermodynamic ocean of the Sillen school offers little incentive to those who search the sedimentary record for evidence of changes in ocean chemistry during Cenozoic time. Their models predict a uniform chemical composition. However as the sediments presently accumulating in the ocean show little evidence of equilibration with the overlying water, the possibility that kinetic factors play an important role must be seriously explored. Such a model is presented in this paper. Material balance restrictions are substituted for some of the usual chemical equilibria. The role of organisms is shown to be dominant for at least some of the important components of sea salt (i.e., C, N, P, Si, …). If, as proposed here, the chemistry of sea water is dependent on rates of supply of individual components, the rate of vertical mixing in the sea, and the type of material formed by organisms, then substantial changes in the chemical composition have almost certainly taken place. Several means by which such changes might be reconstructed from chemical and isotopic measurements on marine sediments are discussed.

scholarly journals A model of carbon dioxide dissolution and mineral carbonation kinetics

2009 ◽  
Vol 466 (2117) ◽  
pp. 1265-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Mitchell ◽  
Oliver E. Jensen ◽  
K. Andrew Cliffe ◽  
M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Mineral Carbonation ◽  
Leading Order ◽  
Full System ◽  
Mass Action Law ◽  
Gaseous Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Equilibrium Concentrations ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Independent Parameters

The kinetics of the dissolution of carbon dioxide in water and subsequent chemical reactions through to the formation of calcium carbonate, a system of reactions integral to carbon sequestration and anthropogenic ocean acidification, is mathematically modelled using the mass action law. This group of reactions is expressed as a system of five coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations, with 14 independent parameters. The evolution of this system to equilibrium at 25 ° C and 1 atm, following an instantaneous injection of gaseous carbon dioxide, is simulated. An asymptotic analysis captures the leading-order behaviour of the system over six disparate time scales, yielding expressions for all species in each time scale. These approximations show excellent agreement with simulations of the full system, and give remarkably simple formulae for the equilibrium concentrations.

Modified mass action law-based model to correlate the solubility of solids and liquids in entrained supercritical carbon dioxide

2001 ◽  
Vol 910 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose C. González ◽  
Mercedes R. Vieytes ◽  
Ana M. Botana ◽  
Juan M. Vieites ◽  
Luis M. Botana
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Mass Action Law ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

Boric Acid in Sea Water and its Effect on the Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium

Nature ◽  
1933 ◽  
Vol 131 (3315) ◽  
pp. 688-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
KURT BUCH
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Sea Water

Studies on Activator Formation in Human Plasma with Streptokinase

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (02) ◽  
pp. 381-392
Author(s):  
M Martin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Activator Concentration ◽  
Kinetic Effect ◽  
Mass Action Law

SummaryThe plasminogen-streptokinase complex called “activator” was present in diluted plasma in the form of a largely dissociated mixture. More than ⅞ of the streptokinase and plasminogen molecules were available for further activator formation.The activator is probably a dissociated complex of the formulaStreptokinase + Plasminogen ⇄ Activator.The fact that an increase in activator concentration by x times is obtained by multiplying either the streptokinase content by the factor y or the plasminogen concentration by the same factor y would point to a kinetic effect along the lines of the mass action law.

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