scholarly journals IX.—On the Relationship between Concentration and Electrolytic Conductivity in Concentrated Aqueous Solutions

1906 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
General Relationship ◽  
Electrolytic Conductivity ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Concentrated Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Solutions Of Electrolytes ◽  
Weak Electrolytes ◽  
The Relationship

Although great advances have been made during the last thirty years in our knowledge of dilute solutions, there has been no corresponding advance in respect of concentrated solutions. This is primarily due to the fact that hitherto no simple and general relationship has been discovered between the conductivity and the concentration of concentrated solutions of electrolytes. Ostwald's law of dilution holds only for dilute solutions of weak electrolytes, and the formulæ of Rudolphi and Van T'Hoff are applicable only to dilute solutions of good electrolytes. It seems therefore important to inquire whether the difficulty may not be to some extent overcome by an alteration in the mode of representing the facts.

scholarly journals Preliminary Note on the Conductivity of Concentrated Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes

1906 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-237
Author(s):  
J. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Electrolytic Conductivity ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Concentrated Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Solutions Of Electrolytes ◽  
Chemical Behaviour

In a paper communicated to the Society in 1897, the author drew attention to increase in electrical conductivity as a characteristic of photo-chemical action, and in a second communication in December of the same year, made the following statement—“It would appear that the chemical behaviour of the acids just mentioned (HNO3, HCl, H2SO4) depends in many of their reactions on whether their concentration is above or below that corresponding to their maximum electrolytic conductivity.”

scholarly journals XXXII.—The Boiling and Freezing Points of Concentrated Aqueous Solutions, and the Question of the Hydration of the Solute

1908 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Conductivity Data ◽  
Concentrated Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Solutions Of Electrolytes

In this paper the results of observations of the elevation of the boiling point of aqueous solutions of electrolytes are given, and a few results of observations of the depression of the freezing point, together with conductivity data obtained by observations of conductivity at about 99·4° and 0° Centigrade.

XII.—On an Electrically Controlled Thermostat and other Apparatus for the Accurate Determination of the Electrolytic Conductivity of Highly Conducting Solutions

1910 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 254-264
Author(s):  
John Gibson ◽  
G. E. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Electrolytic Conductivity ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Heating Effect ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Sources Of Error

Kohlrausch and others have recently published investigations which show that the electrolytic conductivity of dilute solutions of inorganic salts may be determined with a maximum error of two or three in ten thousand.Hitherto such accuracy has not been attained with highly conducting concentrated solutions. With such solutions different difficulties are encountered from those met with in dilute solutions. Temperature variations originating outside the cell, the heating effect of the current within the cell, and polarisation are sources of error which are particularly troublesome in the case of highly conducting solutions.

scholarly journals XI. Heats of dilution of concentrated solutions

1915 ◽  
Vol 215 (523-537) ◽  
pp. 319-351 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Specific Heats ◽  
Thermal Change ◽  
Heats Of Dilution ◽  
Concentrated Solution

Heats of dilution have been exhaustively studied by Prof. Julius Thomsen for a very large number of aqueous solutions.* His method chiefly consisted in taking some concentrated solution and diluting it considerably. The total amount of heat generated or absorbed in this process was thus found and quoted against the final concentration expressed in molecules of water to one molecule of solute. It is to be noted that during the process of dilution most of the thermal change occurs in the early stages, and that after the first ten molecules of water are added the total heat generated or absorbed increases but slightly. The probable reason for this procedure is, that the experimenter finishes the operation with a dilute solution, so that starting with various initial concentrations, he may need only a few specific heats of certain dilute solutions. It must be remembered that only the final .specific heat of the solution need be known in order to measure the heat generated.

scholarly journals Investigation of temperature effect on the electrical conductivity of alcohol solutionssodium and potassium alcoholates

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Vera A. Petrukhina ◽  
◽  
Pavel I. Fedorov ◽  
Ksenia A. Konnova ◽  
Maria V. Yakimova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Isopropyl Alcohol ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Equivalent Conductivity ◽  
Solutions Of Electrolytes ◽  
Weak Electrolytes ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Earlier, we studied the electrical conductivity of inorganic salts in a number of alcohols (ethanol, propanol-2, and butanol-1) at room temperature and found that alcoholic solutions of inorganic salts are weak electrolytes. It is known that an increase in the temperature of salt solutions leads to an increase in electrical conductivity due to an increase in the mobility of their ions in the solvent medium. To study the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of electrolytes, we proposed an approach based on the study of the effect of temperature on the equivalent electrical conductivity of solutions at infinite dilution λ∞. Using this approach, we studied the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of a number inorganic salts (nitrates, acetates, and phosphates), carboxylic acids, and amino acids as a function of temperature. It was found that for these solutions the dependence λ∞(Т) is described by the exponential Arrhenius equation λ∞ = Аexp(-E/(RT)). This equation was used to describe the temperature dependence of the ultimate equivalent conductivity for solutions of a number of inorganic salts (calcium and nitrate calcium, cadmium, lithium and potassium iodides, chloride, iodide and ammonium nitrate, silver nitrate and sodium bromide) in ethanol. This article investigated and demonstrated the possibility of describing the experimental data λ∞(Т) for solutions of ethylates, propylates and isopropylates of sodium and potassium in the corresponding alcohols (ethylates in ethanol, propylates in propanol, isopropylates in isopropyl alcohol) using the same equation.

Co-nonsolvency in concentrated aqueous solutions of PNIPAM: effect of methanol on the collective and the chain dynamics

Soft Matter ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (36) ◽  
pp. 8462-8472
Author(s):  
Konstantinos N. Raftopoulos ◽  
Konstantinos Kyriakos ◽  
Matthias Nuber ◽  
Bart-Jan Niebuur ◽  
Olaf Holderer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Neutron Scattering ◽  
Polymer Dynamics ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Chain Dynamics ◽  
Concentrated Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Isopropyl Acrylamide ◽  
Light And Neutron Scattering

The polymer dynamics in concentrated solutions of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) in water/methanol mixtures is investigated using light and neutron scattering.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document