Drainage system and thermal structure of a High Arctic polythermal glacier: Waldemarbreen, western Svalbard

Understanding glacier drainage system behaviour and its response to increased meltwater production faces several challenges in the High Arctic because many glaciers are transitioning from polythermal to almost entirely cold thermal structures. We, therefore, used ground-penetrating radar data to investigate the thermal structure and drainage system of Waldemarbreen in Svalbard: a small High Arctic glacier believed to be undergoing thermal change. We found that Waldemarbreen retains up to 80 m of temperate ice in its upper reaches, but this thickness most likely is a relict from the Little Ice Age when greater ice volumes were insulated from winter cooling and caused greater driving stresses. Since then, negative mass balance and firn loss have prevented latent heat release and allowed near-surface ice temperatures to cool in winter, thus reducing the thickness of the temperate ice. Numerous reflectors that can be traced up-glacier are interpreted as englacial channels formed by hydrofracturing in the crevassed upper region of the glacier. The alternative cut and closure mechanism of conduit initiation only forms conduits in parts of the lower ablation area. Consequently, Waldemarbreen provides evidence that hydrofracturing at higher elevations can play a major role in englacial water drainage through cold ice.

Overwinter Changes in the Lipid Profile of Young-of-the-Year Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) in Freshwater Ponds

Young-of-the-year (YOY) striped bass (Morone saxatilis) suffer significant mortality during their first winter. While causes of this mortality are unclear, lipids may play role in adapting to winter stresses, including thermal change and food scarcity. To address this, YOY striped bass were placed in mesh cages in freshwater ponds in the fall (November) and were held until the end of winter, in March. Liver and white muscle tissue were sampled at the beginning and end of the study to compare concentrations of specific lipid classes and fatty acid composition. Muscle-tissue total lipid and triacylglycerol (TAG) was higher in March (late winter) samples. Additionally, concentrations of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were higher in the white muscle of striped bass sampled in March; this was accompanied by a decrease in proportions of 18:0 and 22:6n-3 in PE (from ~11 to 7% and 36 to 28%, respectively) and 18:1n-9 and 22:6n-3 in phosphatidylcholine (from ~15 to 10% and 24 to 18%, respectively). This suggests that these fish were not utilizing energy reserves in previously described ways and appear to rely more on other lipid classes or body tissues for overwinter survival than those analyzed in this study.

Marine phytoplankton functional types exhibit diverse responses to thermal change

Marine phytoplankton generate half of global primary production, making them essential to ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycling. Though phytoplankton are phylogenetically diverse, studies rarely designate unique thermal traits to different taxa, resulting in coarse representations of phytoplankton thermal responses. Here we assessed phytoplankton functional responses to temperature using empirically derived thermal growth rates from four principal contributors to marine productivity: diatoms, dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria, and coccolithophores. Using modeled sea surface temperatures for 1950–1970 and 2080–2100, we explored potential alterations to each group’s growth rates and geographical distribution under a future climate change scenario. Contrary to the commonly applied Eppley formulation, our data suggest phytoplankton functional types may be characterized by different temperature coefficients (Q10), growth maxima thermal dependencies, and thermal ranges which would drive dissimilar responses to each degree of temperature change. These differences, when applied in response to global simulations of future temperature, result in taxon-specific projections of growth and geographic distribution, with low-latitude coccolithophores facing considerable decreases and cyanobacteria substantial increases in growth rates. These results suggest that the singular effect of changing temperature may alter phytoplankton global community structure, owing to the significant variability in thermal response between phytoplankton functional types.

Benthic estuarine communities' contribution to bioturbation under the experimental effect of marine heatwaves

Marine heatwaves are increasing worldwide, with several negative impacts on biological communities and ecosystems. This 24-day study tested heatwaves' effect with distinct duration and recovery periods on benthic estuarine communities' diversity and contribution to ecosystem functioning experimentally. The communities were obtained from a temperate estuary, usually subjected to high daily thermal amplitudes. Our goal was to understand the communities' response to the thermal change, including the community descriptors and behavioural changes expected during heat extremes. We measured community composition and structural changes and the bioturbation process and nutrient release as ecosystem functioning measurements. Overall, our findings highlight the potential tolerance of studied estuarine species to the temperature ranges tested in the study, as community composition and structure were similar, independently of the warming effect. We detected a slight trend for bioturbation and nutrient release increase in the communities under warming, yet these responses were not consistent with the heatwaves exposure duration. Overall, we conclude on the complexity of estuarine communities’ contribution to functioning under warming, and the importance of scalable experiments with benthic organisms' responses to climate variability, accommodating longer time scales and replication. Such an approach would set more efficient expectations towards climate change mitigation or adaptation in temperate estuarine ecosystems.

“The Contactless Badge” designed IR Thermometer Evaluating Temperature & Social Physical Distancing Fabricating the MLX90614 during Covid 19

<p></p><p>The study ameliorates the feasibility of IR thermometer, and to introduce a novel design with upgraded applications & functions. The custom compact device (shape illustrates a “Badge”) measures the surface temperature of a body and received data processed through a microcontroller (AtMega328P). The device functions in a way that if there is any thermal change from ambient temperature (D-1 m), the mode is activated and triggers a pre-defined alert. For distance measuring, it measures the intensity of IR radiation emitted by a body from a particular direction. It also reads the temperature when it comes across a body. It will provide an optimum way in the primary healthcare instrumentation and helpful for noncontact, quick, and accurate measurement of moving and high temperature body.</p><br><p></p>

“The Contactless Badge" designed IR - Thermometer Evaluating Temperature & Social/Physical Distancing by Fabricating the MLX90614 Thermal Sensor during Covid- 19 Global Emergency

The study ameliorates the feasibility of IR thermometer, and to introduce a novel design with upgraded applications & functions. The custom compact device (shape illustrates a “Badge”) measures the surface temperature of a body and received data processed through a microcontroller (AtMega328P). The device functions in a way that if there is any thermal change from ambient temperature (D-1 m), the mode is activated and triggers a pre-defined alert. For distance measuring, it measures the intensity of IR radiation emitted by a body from a particular direction. It also reads the temperature when it comes across a body. It will provide an optimum way in the primary healthcare instrumentation and helpful for noncontact, quick, and accurate measurement of moving and high temperature body.

The Contactless Badge" designed IR - Thermometer Evaluating Temperature & Social/Physical Distancing by Fabricating the MLX90614 Thermal Sensor during Covid- 19 Global Emergency

<p>The proposed applied research is based on the IR thermometer functions by introducing novel additional application improvement and fabrication in the design. In this study, the concept of the custom compact device (shape illustrates - “A Badge”) that functions as same of existing products, measures the surface temperature of a body whether received data processed by Microcontroller (AtMega328P). Observations state that the device functions in a way that there is any thermal change comparison of the ambient temperature (D-1 m). The mode is activated and produces a sound by a buzzer that is inside it. For distance measuring, it measures the intensity of IR radiation emitted by a body in a particular direction and an area. The change in ambient temperature (D- 1 m) up to 99^o F then produces another sound to alert and read the temperature when it comes across the body (with the sensitivity area of D-1m.). It will be an optimum up-gradation at the level in primary healthcare instrumentation & helpful to noncontact, quickly and accurately measure moving and high temperature objects.</p>