Investigation of the quality of seeds of Anethum graveolens varieties Gribovsky and Lesnogorodsky by method of thermal analysis

The paper presents data on the study of the chemical composition of dill (Anethum graveolens L) using foliar treatment of vegetative plants with the growth-regulating agent Nicosulfuron [2-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-ylcarbomoyl-sulfamoyl) -N,N-dimethylnicotinamide]. Field experiments were carried out at the agrobiological station of the Humanitarian and Technological University of the city of Orekhovo-Zuevo, Moscow Region in 2016-2018. The soil of the experimental plots is sod-podzolic medium loamy. Plants were treated with a solution of Nicosulfuron with a concentration of 0.1 g/l according to the active substance. It was found that foliar treatment of vegetative plants with a solution of 2-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-ylcarbomoyl-sulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylnico-tinamide led to a change in the concentrations of macrocomponents in the seeds of dill varieties Gribovsky and Lesnogorodsky. Differential thermal analysis of DTA) of dill seeds was carried out using a thermoanalytical complex based on a derivatograph. The sample heating rate in a platinum crucible was 5, 10, and 20 degrees per minute. The DTA method showed a significant difference in the component composition of the organic matter of seeds of both varieties. 6 organic components can be grouped into two groups – with thermal decomposition temperatures of 200-400 °C and 400-600 °C. The treatment with Nicosulfuron leads to a shift in the accumulation of synthesized spare components of seeds towards easily degradable (up to 400 °C) components. This treatment effect is manifested in the fact that in the total mass of organic components of dill seeds (at the level of 87%), the fraction of readily decomposable organic matter is 64-70% for both varieties. In the control variant, without treatment with the drug, the biosynthesis of hardly degradable components, probably having a high molecular weight, and for high-molecular compounds having a high degree of polymerization, occurs. At the same time, the total activation energy for organic compounds in the control is 30-40% higher compared to the samples that were treated with Nicosulfuron.

Determination of deoxynivalenol in feed, feed raw materials and food

The article presents the survey data of 1830 average samples of feed, feed raw materials and food products received through the Test Center of the FSBSI «FCTRBS-RRVI»", provided by livestock and feed enterprises, agricultural companies, food manufacturers and 152 samples of feed provided by specialists of veterinary services , livestock enterprises, owners of peasant farms to determine the death of animals and birds, for the content of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in the period from 2018 to 2020. Determination of the DON content in the samples was carried out according to a certified procedure based on the method of thin layer chromatography. In the course of summarizing the results, it was found that samples of feed, feed raw materials and food products received through the Test Center of the of the FSBSI «FCTRBS-RRVI» from different regions of the Russian Federation in terms of DON content corresponded to the normative indicators specified in the current regulatory and technical documentation. When determining the cause of death of animals and birds, 152 samples were examined, received from farms of different regions of the Republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Mordovia, Kostroma and Ryazan regions. It was found that 1.97% of samples were contaminated with DON at concentrations from 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg of feed, in the rest, the content of mycotoxin was below the sensitivity of the method (< 0.2 mg/kg), which does not exceed the limit permissible concentration. It was recommended to exclude feed contaminated with mycotoxin from the diet of animals, since at the established concentrations, DON is not the main etiological factor in the death of animals, but due to the presence of carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, embryotoxic and immunosuppressive properties, together with other factors, it is contributing.

Monitoring of raw milk safety by chemical and microbiological indicators in the Republic of Tatarstan for the first half of the year 2020

Milk is one of the main food products for the population, as it contains the necessary proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. However, milk and dairy products can be sources of pathogens of many infectious diseases. In addition, they may contain harmful substances of chemical origin (heavy metal salts, pesticides, etc.). Also, the number of somatic cells is one of the main indicators of milk safety and determines its suitability for processing. In this regard, the implementation of the examination of dairy products becomes particularly relevant. The article presents the results of studies of raw milk of agricultural enterprises and farms of private entrepreneurs of various regions of the Republic of Tatarstan on the indicators of chemical and microbiological safety, performed in the first half of 2020. Raw milk was examined for such organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators as fat content, protein, mass fraction of skimmed milk powder, acidity, purity group, density and microbiological indicators in accordance with regulatory documentation. According to the results of research, it was found that all milk samples had good consumer properties. Heavy metal salts, pesticides, mycotoxins, antibiotics, radionuclides, and genetically modified organisms were not found in the studied samples of raw milk. According to microbiological indicators, the samples studied met the requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs Union. Nevertheless, in 20 samples of raw milk, the number of somatic cells exceeds the standard indicators. It follows that the results of the study indicate the need for monitoring the safety of raw milk.

Study of the nutritional value, chemical and biological safety of feeds obtained from agricultural and industrial waste

Waste from agricultural and industrial production is one of the factors of environmental pollution. Together with this, they are a valuable raw material and can be used, for example, for the manufacture of additional animal feed. The article provides information on the rational use of valuable agricultural and industrial waste as additives in the rations of feeding farm animals and poultry. The health of farm animals and poultry, their productivity depends on the quality and balance of feed. An unbalanced diet leads to metabolic disorders. The data on the chemical composition of molasses, cake and meal, which are used in animal husbandry and poultry farming, as an additional feed with a high protein content, are given. Molasses, which is a by-product of sugar beet production, contains easily digestible carbohydrates, and its use in animal husbandry as an additional feed solves the problem of sugar deficiency. The Testing Center (IC) of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "FSBSI «FCTRBS-RRVI" conducted research on sunflower cake, rapeseed and sunflower meal in terms of feed value (mass fraction of moisture, mass fraction of crude protein, mass fraction of crude fiber, mass fraction of crude fat). The results of the study of beet molasses samples are presented in terms of quality indicators: mass fraction of dry substances, mass fraction of sugar (by direct polarization), and mass fraction of reducing sugars. The studies carried out indicate that 95% of cake, meal and beet molasses obtained from agricultural and industrial waste, in terms of feed value, meet the requirements of the current regulatory documentation.

Quality control of milk powder with near-infrared spectroscopy

Milk is one of the most widely consumed food products in the world and is often used in the manufacture of various food products. To reduce the cost of transportation and storage, as well as extend the shelf life of milk, it is dried. It retains most of the nutritional and organoleptic properties of liquid milk. Currently, at least 20-30% of the produced whole milk and fermented milk products are falsified. Flour, starch, chalk, lime, and even gypsum are mixed into milk powder. Classical methods of analysis of milk powder (gravimetric, titrimetric, acidic, etc.) do not allow assessing the qualitative composition of milk powder, while chromatographic and other methods require time and sample preparation. Therefore, to assess the quality of milk, methods of spectrometry in the near infrared region (NIR spectrometry) are becoming very popular. The objects of research were whole milk powder and skimmed milk powder, which were received for research at the Test Center of the FSBSI «Federal Center for Toxicology, Radiation and Biological Safety» from various manufacturers of the Russian Federation. We studied 22 samples of dried whole and skim milk using an IR spectrometer. According to the results of studies, it was found that, on average, samples of skimmed milk powder for all studied indicators corresponded to standards. In 54.5% of the samples of dried whole milk, a reduced fat content was revealed and in 81.8%, an increased content of lactose.

Сomprehensive approach to expert identification of the common source of origin of drugs

The article proposes an algorithm for conducting a comprehensive comparative study of various drug samples to determine their common source of origin using not only methods of physical and chemical analysis, but also the possibilities of tracological examination of their packages and tablet forms. The use of this algorithm with expert research for establishment of common origin of different samples of controlled substances will help to achieve the study objectives with maximum efficiency and speed is extremely important aspect to optimize the timing of expert studies in the framework of forensic support operative-investigative and procedural activities of law enforcement agencies to curb illegal traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. The authors indicate that when conducting a comprehensive comparative study of samples of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances both in the framework of operational search activities and in the course of forensic examination, employees of expert forensic units of internal affairs bodies can assist criminal investigation officers in forming an evidence base on the facts of direct trafficking of controlled substances, contact of a suspect with controlled substances, in particular with a specific sample of a drug or psychotropic substance, production, storage, transportation of controlled substances by a suspected person in principle and a specific sample of them, the belonging of various persons suspected of involvement in the illegal trafficking of controlled substances to one organized criminal group, as well as the identification of the entire chain involved in the organization of this illegal trafficking. Provides options to make conclusions on the results of comprehensive comparative studies of different samples of drugs and psychotropic methods of physico-chemical and tracological examination and their interpretation for the purposes of detection and suppression of illegal drug trafficking.

Identification of regulatory sequences of the 35S promoter and NOS terminator in agricultural products

The pace of scientific and technological progress is steadily growing every day, in this regard much attention is paid to the problems of using genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agricultural products, since there are risks of negative impact on human health and the environment. Thus, there is a need for constant monitoring of all agricultural products for the content of GMO regulatory sequences. This work is devoted to studying the frequency of occurrence of GMO fragments in the products of agricultural enterprises of the Republic of Tatarstan. The material describes the monitoring of agricultural products for the presence of genetic modification: the 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus and the NOS terminator – Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Diagnostics was based on real-time polymerase chain reaction using commercial PCR kits. Laboratory work consisted in sample preparation of agricultural products, DNA extraction from received samples, and amplification of genetic material. 1142 samples of agricultural products were analyzed. Based on the studies carried out, the content of the 35S promoter and the NOS terminator was revealed in 18 samples. In most cases, the content of genetic insertions was found in combined and extruded feeds for pigs, poultry, and cattle. This once again increases the relevance of the ongoing research, despite the numerous experiments and scientific discoveries carried out to study GMOs. The results of this study are the reason for further more detailed study of the creation, influence and application of GMOs both in the agricultural sectors and in ecology and molecular biology.

Application of the reaction of oxidation of N-methyl-p-aminophenol with hydrogen peroxide, catalyzed by Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions in flow-injection analysis of tap water

The article presents the results of the application of the oxidation reaction of N-methyl-p-aminophenol with hydrogen peroxide, catalyzed by Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions in the flow injection analysis (FIA) of tap water. Using a commercially available system for FIA with spectrophotometric detection, an optimal scheme for conducting an indicator catalytic reaction in a liquid stream was proposed, which was used to determine the total iron content in tap water. Spectrophotometric detection of colored products of the indicator catalytic reaction of the oxidation of N-methyl-p-aminophenol with hydrogen peroxide is carried out at the absorption maximum of the absorption spectrum in the visible region at λmax = 490 nm. It was shown that, under nonequilibrium FIA conditions, it is possible to significantly minimize the contribution of the noncatalytic reaction to the total analytical signal. The latter is accompanied by the expansion of the range of determined catalyst contents to lower concentrations. Taking into account the proposed FIA scheme for determining the total iron content in tap water by the oxidation of N-methyl-p-aminophenol with hydrogen peroxide, catalyzed by Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions, the linearity range of the analytical signal remains in the range of 0.05-0.4 μg/ml. The lower limit of the determined iron content is 0.02 μg/ml with a productivity of 40 samples per hour. Sample preparation of tap water consists in filtering and maintaining the required pH for the catalytic indicator reaction and subsequent FIA. The cations Al, Zn, Ni, V(V), Pb, Cd, Mn(II), and Cr(VI) do not have a significant interfering effect; only the presence of complexing agents can reduce the rate of the catalytic reaction, which, accordingly, affects the analysis results.

Processing of experimental data for the separation of chromatographic signals of tetracycline group antibiotics by mathematical modeling

Antibiotics belonging to the classes of sulfonamides, amphenicols and tetracyclines, such as tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline, are used to control infectious diseases of honeybees. In addition, tetracycline group antibiotics can be added directly to plants during flowering. Contamination of the flower with high concentrations of antibiotics entails the risk of transferring antibiotic residues to honey. Consequently, these antibiotics persist as contaminants in honey, and the determination of these drugs in honey samples is of great importance. Tetracyclines have a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The basic structure of tetracyclines consists of a hydro-naphthacene framework containing four rings. Due to their possible toxic or allergic reactions and the possibility that pathogens may become resistant to these drugs, much attention has recently been paid to tetracyclines. For the detection of residual quantities of antibiotics in food products increasingly requires reliable analytical methods. The main method for determining tetracycline group antibiotics is the method of high-performance liquid chromatography, but the micro-quantities of their residual concentration and unsatisfactory chromatographic conditions, under which peaks may overlap, as well as insufficient sample preparation conditions, under which matrix components may overlap, make quantitative calculations difficult when using this method. This article describes a method for calculating the initial value of intesiveness and peak width using mathematical modeling. Based on the analysis of real chromatographic data, the applicability of this method for the quantitative determination of tetracycline group antibiotics is shown.

Ignition fluids as objects of chemical research in the investigation of arson crimes

In connection with the development of modern industry, various means appear to make the life of citizens easier, but this is also used by criminals, modifying, and sometimes leaving some objects in their original state. This is exactly what happened with a new type of ignition means – liquids for lighting firewood and charcoal. Criminals began to use such liquids as a means of crime when setting fire to buildings, structures, cars. The article discusses the physicochemical study of liquids for ignition, sold in the retail trade network as a product for lighting firewood and coal. The wide selection and availability of these objects allows them to be used in the commission of crimes related to arson. The paper considers the range of liquids for ignition with the establishment of their chemical composition, compliance with the composition declared by the manufacturer. A study of eleven samples, often found in the sale of means for ignition, was carried out by gas chromatography using a gas chromatograph Kristall-5000.2 with a flame ionization detector, in addition, the obtained compositions were compared with the manufacturer's declared on the label. It was found that for a number of samples the compositions differ from those declared, for example, the manufacturer declared a mixture of hydrocarbons for the ignition fluid "Lighter", but in fact only methanol, the fluid for ignition "FLAME" declared a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, and in fact, ethanol, ethyl acetate and diethyl acetate. Thus, the manufacturer, trying to save on ingredients and production methods, uses cheaper and simpler chemical compositions.