scholarly journals XXXI.—Shackleton Antarctic Expedition, 1914–1917: The Natural History of Pack-Ice as observed in the Weddell Sea

1921 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Wordie
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Pack Ice ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Land Water

The opportunities for observation were afforded by the voyage and subsequent drift of the S.Y. Endurance. During December 1914 and January 1915 for a period of six weeks she successfully bored her way through pack-ice of every description—drift-ice, open-pack, and very frequently even close-pack. Continually fighting, she penetrated from 59° to 72° S. lat., and finally reached the land water off Coats Land on the latter parallel. As the crow flies, therefore, she was navigated through ice for nearly 800 geographical miles on this voyage; her actual course among the ice-fields and floes was computed to exceed 2000 miles, an achievement without parallel in the Antarctic. The principle adopted was to keep to the east, where presumably there is less pack than in the west; if the Endurance experience is a normal one, however, the meridian of 20° W. long., which was followed, is certainly not far enough east.

Aurora and the Otago Museum: the boundary between Antarctic science and seamanship

Polar Record ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moira White
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
World War ◽  
Pack Ice ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
Museum Staff ◽  
The Antarctic

ABSTRACTSir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition famously did not succeed in traversing the Antarctic continent from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea. It was, nevertheless, an enterprise that engaged the interest of New Zealanders and the rest of the British Empire even as World War I was being fought. When one of the expedition ships, Aurora, broke from her moorings soon after arrival in McMurdo Sound and drifted trapped in pack ice for months, the construction of a temporary jury rudder while still at sea enabled her crew to make their way to Port Chalmers, Dunedin for more extensive repairs in 1916. This paper discusses interactions between the Otago Museum staff and the crew of Aurora while she was in port, the offer of the replaced jury rudder to the museum, and reflects on the concerns and interests that might have contributed to the offer and its rejection.

scholarly journals Medical aspects of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, October 1901—January 1904

1904 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Ekelof
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Cape Horn

The object of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition was to conduct researches relating to the geography and natural history of the Antarctic regions south of Cape Horn. The expedition was to start from Sweden during the autumn of 1901. On the approach of the Antarctic winter, in February or March 1902, some of the party were to be landed in a suitable place in the Antarctic regions, with the object of wintering there. The members remaining on board the ship “Antarctic,” were to carry on investigations in the regions around Cape Horn, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. The next summer, i.e. in December 1902 or January 1903, the ship was to return in order to pick up the wintering party at their station; and, thus reunited, the whole expedition was to go back to Sweden, where, as we had calculated, we should arrive in the spring of 1903.

Deglacial history of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in the Weddell Sea embayment: Constraints on past ice volume change

Geology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 411-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Bentley ◽  
Christopher J. Fogwill ◽  
Anne M. Le Brocq ◽  
Alun L. Hubbard ◽  
David E. Sugden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volume Change ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Antarctic Ice Sheet ◽  
West Antarctic Ice Sheet ◽  
Ice Volume ◽  
West Antarctic ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Albedo of the ice covered Weddell and Bellingshausen Seas

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Weiss ◽  
J. C. King ◽  
T. A. Lachlan-Cope ◽  
R. S. Ladkin
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Surface Albedo ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pack Ice ◽  
Bellingshausen Sea ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. This study investigates the surface albedo of the sea ice areas adjacent to the Antarctic Peninsula during the austral summer. Aircraft measurements of the surface albedo, which were conducted in the sea ice areas of the Weddell and Bellingshausen Seas show significant differences between these two regions. The averaged surface albedo varied between 0.13 and 0.81. The ice cover of the Bellingshausen Sea consisted mainly of first year ice and the sea surface showed an averaged sea ice albedo of αi = 0.64 ± 0.2 (± standard deviation). The mean sea ice albedo of the pack ice area in the western Weddell Sea was αi = 0.75 ± 0.05. In the southern Weddell Sea, where new, young sea ice prevailed, a mean albedo value of αi = 0.38 ± 0.08 was observed. Relatively warm open water and thin, newly formed ice had the lowest albedo values, whereas relatively cold and snow covered pack ice had the highest albedo values. All sea ice areas consisted of a mixture of a large range of different sea ice types. An investigation of commonly used parameterizations of albedo as a function of surface temperature in the Weddell and Bellingshausen Sea ice areas showed that the albedo parameterizations do not work well for areas with new, young ice.

The occurrence of the copepods Stephos longipes (Calanoida) and Drescheriella glacialis (Harpacticoida) in summer sea ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid B. Schnack-Schiel ◽  
David N. Thomas ◽  
Christian Haas ◽  
Gerhard S. Dieckmann ◽  
Ruth Alheit
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Calanoid Copepod ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Pack Ice ◽  
Stephos Longipes ◽  
Surface Ice ◽  
The Antarctic

In January to March 1997, a RV Polarstern cruise that transected the Weddell Sea resulted in samples being taken in thick pack ice in the south-eastern Weddell Sea and then along the marginal ice edge towards the Antarctic Peninsula. Several ice types were thus sampled over a wide geographic area during late summer/early autumn. Common features of the first warm period was the occurrence of surface ponds, and that many floes had quasi-continuous horizontal gaps, underlying a layer of ice and metamorphic snow. With the onset of cold air temperatures in late February the gaps rapidly refroze. The calanoid copepod Stephos longipes occurred in all habitats encountered and showed highest numbers in the surface ice in summer, in the gap water during both seasons and in the refrozen gap water in autumn. Nauplii outnumbered copepodids in the surface ice and refrozen gap water, while in the gap water copepodids, mainly stages CI–CIII in summer and CII–CIV in autumn, comprised about 70% of the total population. The harpacticoid species Drescheriella glacialis did not occur in all habitats and was missing in surface ponds and new ice. Nauplii of D. glacialis were rarely found in gap water, but predominated in the refrozen gaps.

XXX.—Actiniaria and Zoantharia of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–1904

1939 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskar Carlgren
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
Full Information ◽  
The West ◽  
Gough Island ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
A New Species

The collection of Actiniaria and Zoantharia made by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition contains nineteen species, one of which, Porponia antarctica Carlgren, I described as a new species in 1914. In all there were six species from the Antarctic, three from the Falkland Islands, six from the west coast of Cape Province, three from the Cape Verde Islands, and one, not specifically determined, from Gough Island. The new species here described are Epiactis vincentina, Epiactis brucei, Sicyonis antarctica, and Palythoa vincentina. I have not thought it necessary to compile a complete list of the literature and synonyms of the species, since in the papers cited full information is given.

Bird and mammal life recorded during the Antarctic drift of SY Aurora, 1915–16

Polar Record ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 26 (159) ◽  
pp. 277-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Shaughnessy
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Killer Whales ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Emperor Penguins ◽  
Sea Birds ◽  
Pack Ice ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Blue Whales

AbstractAfter landing the Ross Sea shore party of Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition at Cape Evans, McMurdo Sound, SY Aurora drifted for 313 days between May 1915 and March 1916 in the pack iceof the Ross Sea and Southern Ocean. During the drift A. H. Ninnis maintained observations of the fauna. He was out hunting on the pack ice on at least 86 days to augment the ship's slender provisions, taking 289 penguins, 10 other sea birds and 20 seals. He sighted whales on at least 15 days, including killer whales in July and August and four large whales, possibly blue whales, in November. He also noted birds returning south for the breeding season in spring, progress of moult in emperor penguins, pupping of crabeater and leopard seals, and food items of several seals and seabirds. Most of his report is presented here, edited to improve its readability and remove abbreviations; the text is preceded by a brief summary of the fauna seen and followed by footnotes on some of his observations.

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