Eye gaze and conscious processing in severely brain-injured patients

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 442-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Chatelle ◽  
Steven Laureys ◽  
Steve Majerus ◽  
Caroline Schnakers
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Embodied Simulation ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
Conscious Processing ◽  
Minimally Conscious ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractNiedenthal et al. discuss the importance of eye gaze in embodied simulation and, more globally, in the processing of emotional visual stimulation (such as facial expression). In this commentary, we illustrate the relationship between oriented eye movements, consciousness, and emotion by using the case of severely brain-injured patients recovering from coma (i.e., vegetative and minimally conscious patients).

scholarly journals Detecting the Potential for Consciousness in Unresponsive Patients Using the Perturbational Complexity Index

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 917
Author(s):  
Dmitry O. Sinitsyn ◽  
Alexandra G. Poydasheva ◽  
Ilya S. Bakulin ◽  
Liudmila A. Legostaeva ◽  
Elizaveta G. Iazeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Conscious State ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Conscious State ◽  
Complexity Index ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Minimally Conscious ◽  
Injured Patients

The difficulties of behavioral evaluation of prolonged disorders of consciousness (DOC) motivate the development of brain-based diagnostic approaches. The perturbational complexity index (PCI), which measures the complexity of electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), showed a remarkable sensitivity in detecting minimal signs of consciousness in previous studies. Here, we tested the reliability of PCI in an independently collected sample of 24 severely brain-injured patients, including 11 unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), 12 minimally conscious state (MCS) patients, and 1 emergence from MCS patient. We found that the individual maximum PCI value across stimulation sites fell within the consciousness range (i.e., was higher than PCI*, which is an empirical cutoff previously validated on a benchmark population) in 11 MCS patients, yielding a sensitivity of 92% that surpassed qualitative evaluation of resting EEG. Most UWS patients (n = 7, 64%) showed a slow and stereotypical TMS-EEG response, associated with low-complexity PCI values (i.e., ≤PCI*). Four UWS patients (36%) provided high-complexity PCI values, which might suggest a covert capacity for consciousness. In conclusion, this study successfully replicated the performance of PCI in discriminating between UWS and MCS patients, further motivating the application of TMS-EEG in the workflow of DOC evaluation.

Field Independence, Lateralization and Defensive Style

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Shevrin ◽  
Irving A. Smokler ◽  
Evelyn Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Hemispheric Lateralization ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Lateral Eye ◽  
Hemispheric Activation ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship between field independence and defense clustering as measured by the Defense Mechanisms Inventory and lateral eye movements. Subjects had previously been classified either as hysterical or obsessive style by the Rorschach and WAIS Comprehension subtest. Previous findings indicate that these subjects have a preferred direction of lateral eye movement in a questioning format (hysterical style = left; obsessive style = right). This study found no relationship between field independence and defense clustering and lateral eye movements. To the extent that eye gaze indexes hemispheric activation, we conclude that neither field independence nor defense clustering was related to hemispheric lateralization.

Audiospatial Integration

1985 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 891-902
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Ruff
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Sound Source ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Head Fixation ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Hit Rates ◽  
Injured Patients

A method to examine audiospatial integration was developed through studies of normal and brain-injured patients. The method used a sound source sequentially outlining a spatial pattern within an array of 100 loudspeakers. For 48 subjects tested with this method, the presence or absence of visual cues had no effect in audiospatial processing. Eye movements also did not match the perceived sound patterns. Significantly higher hit rates were obtained by placing the panel of loudspeakers in front, behind or above the subject rather than on the left or right. These differences were observed with involuntary but not with voluntary head-fixation. Theoretical concepts of audiospatial processing are discussed.

scholarly journals Selegiline in Patients With Disorder of Consciousness: An Open Pilot Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 688-691
Author(s):  
Orsola Masotta ◽  
Luigi Trojano ◽  
Vincenzo Loreto ◽  
Pasquale Moretta ◽  
Anna Estraneo
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative State ◽  
Minimally Conscious State ◽  
Conscious State ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Disorder Of Consciousness ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
Minimally Conscious ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
Open Pilot

AbstractThis open study investigated the clinical effects of 10-week selegiline administration in six patients in vegetative state and in four patients in a minimally conscious state, at least 6 months after onset. Clinical outcome was assessed by Coma Recovery Scale-Revised once a week during selegiline administration and 1 month later. Three patients stopped treatment because of possible side effects. After treatment and at 1 month of follow-up, four patients showed improvements in clinical diagnosis, and three patients showed an increase in arousal level only. Selegiline might represent a relatively safe option to enhance arousal and promote recovery in brain-injured patients with disorders of consciousness.

Poster 31 Assessing Neglect in Severely Brain-injured Patients Diagnosed with Minimally Conscious State

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 1702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Schnakers ◽  
Karin Sparmant ◽  
John Whyte ◽  
Steven Laureys ◽  
Steve Majerus
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Conscious State ◽  
Conscious State ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
Minimally Conscious ◽  
Injured Patients

scholarly journals The Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 417-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula M. Niedenthal ◽  
Martial Mermillod ◽  
Marcus Maringer ◽  
Ursula Hess
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Brain Research ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Grounded Cognition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Embodied Simulation ◽  
Facial Mimicry ◽  
Facial Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
The Many

AbstractRecent application of theories of embodied or grounded cognition to the recognition and interpretation of facial expression of emotion has led to an explosion of research in psychology and the neurosciences. However, despite the accelerating number of reported findings, it remains unclear how the many component processes of emotion and their neural mechanisms actually support embodied simulation. Equally unclear is what triggers the use of embodied simulation versus perceptual or conceptual strategies in determining meaning. The present article integrates behavioral research from social psychology with recent research in neurosciences in order to provide coherence to the extant and future research on this topic. The roles of several of the brain's reward systems, and the amygdala, somatosensory cortices, and motor centers are examined. These are then linked to behavioral and brain research on facial mimicry and eye gaze. Articulation of the mediators and moderators of facial mimicry and gaze are particularly useful in guiding interpretation of relevant findings from neurosciences. Finally, a model of the processing of the smile, the most complex of the facial expressions, is presented as a means to illustrate how to advance the application of theories of embodied cognition in the study of facial expression of emotion.

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