Naming latencies as evidence for two modes of lexical retrieval

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Goodglass ◽  
Jean C. Theurkauf ◽  
Arthur Wingfield
Keyword(s):  
Item Difficulty ◽  
Naming Latency ◽  
Word Retrieval ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Latency Distributions ◽  
Search Modes ◽  
Naming Latencies

ABSTRACTData are reported for response latencies to naming pictures of objects which show a systematic relationship between naming latency and two measures of item difficulty. Of primary interest was a reanalysis of full latency distributions on a picture-by-picture basis to explore the possibility that overall mean latencies could in actuality be composed of multiple independent latency populations. Results are discussed in terms of “automatic” versus “voluntary search” modes of word retrieval.

Word Frequency and Age of Acquisition as Determiners of Picture-Naming Latency

1973 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Carroll ◽  
Margaret N. White
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Naming Latency ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
Word Retrieval ◽  
Critical Variable ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Naming Latencies

In multiple-regression analysis of picture-naming latencies from an experiment modelled on Oldfield and Wingfield's (1965), with 94 stimuli and 37 adult subjects, two word frequency measures had insignificant beta weights, while two measures estimating age at which the word was learned had highly significant weights. Objects whose names were learned early were named faster. This result may have important implications for the interpretation of studies using word frequency as a critical variable. It is suggested that word retrieval may be a one-stage process that depends upon the age at which a word was learned.

scholarly journals The Effect of Stimulus Valence on Lexical Retrieval in Younger and Older Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 2081-2089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deena Schwen Blackett ◽  
Stacy M. Harnish ◽  
Jennifer P. Lundine ◽  
Alexandra Zezinka ◽  
Eric W. Healy
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Naming Latency ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Negative Images ◽  
Naming Latencies

Purpose Although there is evidence that emotional valence of stimuli impacts lexical processes, there is limited work investigating its specific impact on lexical retrieval. The current study aimed to determine the degree to which emotional valence of pictured stimuli impacts naming latencies in healthy younger and older adults. Method Eighteen healthy younger adults and 18 healthy older adults named positive, negative, and neutral images, and reaction time was measured. Results Reaction times for positive and negative images were significantly longer than reaction times for neutral images. Reaction times for positive and negative images were not significantly different. Whereas older adults demonstrated significantly longer naming latencies overall than younger adults, the discrepancy in latency with age was far greater when naming emotional pictures. Conclusions Emotional arousal of pictures appears to impact naming latency in younger and older adults. We hypothesize that the increase in naming latency for emotional stimuli is the result of a necessary disengagement of attentional resources from the emotional images prior to completion of the naming task. We propose that this process may affect older adults disproportionately due to a decline in attentional resources as part of normal aging, combined with a greater attentional preference for emotional stimuli.

Effects of Gender Marking in Pronominal Coindexation

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Rigalleau ◽  
David Caplan
Keyword(s):  
Naming Latency ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Strategic Processing ◽  
Naming Latencies

The naming latency of a pronoun was measured when a single previously presented name in a discourse either agreed or did not agree with the pronoun in gender and person. An effect of agreement was found both under conditions in which subjects were likely to have engaged in strategic processing of the pronoun (Experiment 1) and under conditions in which this was unlikely (Experiment 3). The effect of gender agreement was also investigated when two noun phrases were present in the discourse. The results continued to show an immediate effect of gender agreement (naming latencies increased when a pronoun did not agree with one of two previously presented nouns) under experimental conditions likely to engender strategic processing (Experiment 2). This last effect was not significant under experimental conditions that were not likely to engender strategic processing (Experiment 3). The results are discussed in terms of models of the process of identifying the referent of a pronoun in a discourse.

Effects of structural similarity and name frequency on picture naming in Alzheimer's disease

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 659-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHARON L. THOMPSON-SCHILL ◽  
JOHN D. E. GABRIELI ◽  
DEBRA A. FLEISCHMAN
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Naming Latency ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Word Retrieval ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Confrontation Naming

Impairments to either perceptual or word-retrieval processes have been hypothesized to explain confrontation naming impairments in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study measured the effects of structural similarity, which affects perceptual processing, and name frequency, which affects word retrieval, on naming latency and accuracy in 16 AD patients and 16 age-matched controls. AD patients named pictures more slowly and made more errors than control participants. Their naming accuracy was disproportionately affected by name frequency, but not by structural similarity. The findings indicate that the processing of structural properties of objects is unaffected in early-stage AD, and suggest that word-retrieval impairments underlie the naming deficit in AD. (JINS, 1999, 5, 659–667.)

Response Latencies in Naming Objects

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Oldfield ◽  
A. Wingfield
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Word List ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Memory Store ◽  
The Times ◽  
High Consistency ◽  
Naming Latencies

After some preliminary analysis of what is involved in naming objects, in which the possible role of classificatory systems in the memory store is discussed, it is shown experimentally that there are consistent differences between the times taken to respond to presented objects by uttering their names, variations between the performances of different individuals being outweighed by variations due to the different objects. Moreover, there is a high consistency between different individuals as to the ordering of objects in respect of their naming latencies. It is further shown that a high correlation exists between the time taken to name an object and the frequency with which its name occurs in the language as a whole, as estimated in the Thorndike-Lorge Word List. Some implications of these findings are discussed, especially with reference to possible mechanisms by which presented objects are visually identified, and the appropriate names retrieved from the “word-store.”

Effects of Age and Word Frequency on Object Recognition and Naming in Children

1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin J. Milianti ◽  
Walter L. Cullinan
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Perceptual Identification ◽  
Object Naming ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Word Count ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Duration Threshold ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Matching Response ◽  
Naming Latencies

Visual duration threshold, matching-response latencies, and object-naming latencies were obtained for 30 nine-year-old and 15 six-year-old, normal-speaking male children. Stimuli were drawings of objects whose names represent a wide range of frequency of occurrence in the language according to the Thorndike-Lorge word count. The nine-year-old children had significantly shorter visual-duration thresholds, matching-response latencies and object-naming latencies than the nine-year-old children. The latency for object naming was negatively and significantly correlated with the logarithm of frequency of occurrence of the names, but neither visual duration threshold nor latency for matching correlated significantly with frequency of occurrence. The results support the hypothesis that the major source of variance in object-naming latencies for common and rare words is not attributable to the perceptual identification of the objects.

Lexical retrieval: The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Kohn ◽  
Arthur Wingfield ◽  
Lise Menn ◽  
Harold Goodglass ◽  
Jean Berko Gleason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Word Retrieval ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Word Knowledge ◽  
University Undergraduates ◽  
Tip Of The Tongue ◽  
Word Definitions ◽  
Target Words

ABSTRACTAn experiment is reported in which university undergraduates were given word definitions and asked to say aloud all responses that came to mind in the course of their attempts to retrieve the target words. Results showed that phonologically similar responses and word-fragments are good predictors of target word knowledge and the likelihood of eventual success in retrieval. Responses which were semantically related to the target word were less predictive of eventual success. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for interpreting tip-of-the-tongue analyses as a “window” on the process of word retrieval.

Sources of Disagreement in Object Naming

1995 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 822-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Vitkovitch ◽  
Lisa Tyrrell
Keyword(s):  
Matched Control ◽  
Naming Latency ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
High Agreement ◽  
Name Agreement ◽  
Object Decision ◽  
Structural Stage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Naming Latencies ◽  
Very High

Two experiments examined the processing of objects with low name agreement. Experiment I compared naming latencies for objects with three different types of name disagreement to those for matched control objects with very high name agreement. Objects with low name agreement due to abbreviations (e.g. phone) were named no more slowly than were control objects. Objects with multiple names (e.g. couch, sofa, settee) and objects often given incorrect names (e.g. spider for ant) took longer to name correctly than did matched controls. These results were confirmed in a second naming experiment using a revised set of high-name-agreement control stimuli. In Experiment 2, subjects carried out an object decision task using the revised stimulus set. Subjects could recognize objects with multiple names as quickly as those with high name agreement. Objects often given incorrect names were recognized by subjects more slowly than were high-agreement matched stimuli. The pattern of data suggests that the delay in naming latency due to the availability of more than one correct name arises after structural recognition. In contrast, the slowed naming of objects often misnamed would seem to originate from difficulties encountered at or before the structural stage of recognition.

scholarly journals BONEs not CATs attract DOGs: Semantic context effects for picture naming in the lesioned language network.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danièle Pino ◽  
Andreas Mädebach ◽  
Jörg D. Jescheniak ◽  
Frank Regenbrecht ◽  
Hellmuth Obrig
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Word Retrieval ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Robust Evidence ◽  
Prime Target ◽  
Language Network

The breakdown of rapid and accurate retrieval of words is a hallmark of aphasic speech and a prime target of therapeutic intervention. Complementary, psycho- and neurolinguistic research have developed a spectrum of models, how and by which neuronal network uncompromised speakers can rely on remarkable lexical retrieval capacities. Motivated by both lines of research we invited 32 participants with a chronic left hemispheric brain lesion to name pictures in the presence of distractor words. This picture-word-interference (PWI) paradigm is widely used in psycho- and neurolinguistic research. We find that also after brain lesion categorically related words (CAT → [dog]picture) impede naming, while a associatively related words (BONE → [dog]picture) ease access. The effects largely affecting latencies in neurotypical populations, are reproduced for error rate in our participants with lesions in the language network. Unsurprisingly, overall naming abilities varied greatly across patients. Notably, however, the two effects (categorical interference / associative facilitation) dissociate between participants. Correlating performance with lesion patterns we moreover find robust evidence for a dissociation of brain areas affording different aspects of the task: (i) lesions in the left MTG deteriorate overall naming, confirming previous work; more notably (ii) lesions comprising the inferior frontal hub of the language-network increase interference effect for the categorical condition; on the contrary (iii) lesions to the mid-to-posterior temporal hub increase the facilitatory effect for the associative condition on error rates.The findings are of relevance to the understanding of the functional anatomy of word-retrieval. Although experimental in nature the data moreover suggest that depending on lesion site different strategies may be required in the rehabilitation of aphasic word retrieval deficits.

scholarly journals Joint language production: an electrophysiological investigation of simulated lexical access on behalf of task partner

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. Kuhlen ◽  
Rasha Abdel Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
Joint Action ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Naming Latency ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Electrophysiological Investigation ◽  
Semantic Interference ◽  
Naming Response ◽  
Naming Latencies

AbstractThis study investigates in a joint action setting a well-established effect in speech production, cumulative semantic interference, an increase in naming latencies when naming a series of semantically related pictures. In a joint action setting, two task partners take turns naming pictures. Previous work in this setting demonstrated that naming latencies increase not only with each semantically related picture speakers named themselves, but also with each picture named by the partner (Hoedemaker, Ernst, Meyer, & Belke, 2017; Kuhlen & Abdel Rahman, 2017). This suggests that speakers pursue lexical access on behalf of their partner. In two electrophysiological experiments (N=30 each) we investigated the neuro-cognitive signatures of such simulated lexical access. As expected, in both experiments speakers’ naming latency increased with successive naming instances within a given semantic category. Correspondingly, speakers’ EEG showed an increasing posterior positivity between 250-400ms, an ERP modulation typically associated with lexical access. However, unlike previous experiments, speakers were not influenced by their partner’s picture naming. Accordingly, we found no electrophysiological evidence of lexical access on behalf of the partner. We conclude that speakers do not always represent their partner’s naming response and discuss possible factors that may have limited the participants’ evaluation of the task as a joint action.

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