The importance of the organism in the political theory of John of Salisbury

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 303-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilman Struve
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
John Of Salisbury ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
Animate Organism ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Middle Ages

The comparison of the State with an animate organism was of outstanding importance in the political theories of the Middle Ages. Despite all its various forms of appearance this comparison always served to define the place and function of each individual in particular, as well as in relation to a superior whole. John of Salisbury deserves the credit for having helped this organological view of the State to breakthrough in writing the Policraticus.

scholarly journals РОЗВИТОК ІДЕЇ НАРОДНОГО СУВЕРЕНІТЕТУ ЗА ДОБИ СЕРЕДНЬОВІЧЧЯ: ДЕРЖАВНИЙ І ЦЕРКОВНИЙ ВИМІРИ

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 116-128
Author(s):  
Владислав Сасін
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
The Political ◽  
William Of Ockham ◽  
John Of Salisbury ◽  
Marsilius Of Padua ◽  
The Middle Ages

У статті наводиться історико-політологічний аналіз розвитку категорії «народний суверенітет» в епоху європейського середньовіччя. Проаналізовано причини відродження інтересу політиків та юристів до ідеї народного суверенітету. Вказано на розвиток ідеї народного суверенітету крізь призму державного і церковного життя й основних віх державно-церковних відносин в епоху 128 середньовіччя. Визначено місце феодальних відносин (сюзерен-васал), рецепції римського права та аристотелевої теоретико-методологічної спадщини, звичаєвого права варварських племен у формуванні ідеї народного суверенітету. Також проведено аналіз творчого доробку правників (Джона Солсбері, Генрі Бректона) і філософів (Томи Аквінського, Марсилія Падуанського, Йоанна Паризького, Вільяма Оккама, Гілезія Римського та інших), охарактеризовано місце народовладдя в їхніх творах. Досліджено соціально-політичні феномени життя середньовічних європейських міста, держави й церкви, що спричинили вплив на дефініцію ідеї народного суверенітету в означену епоху. Зроблено загальний висновок про вплив середньовічних політичних підходів щодо народного суверенітету на формування новочасного і ранньомодерного розуміння суверенітету й демократії. Ключові слова: демократія, народний суверенітет, епоха середньовіччя, «теорія двох мечів», консиліаризм, римське право. THE DEVELOPMENT OF IDEA OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY IN THE MIDDLE AGES: STATE AND CHURCH VIEWS The article deals with the political and historical development of popular sovereignty in the Middle Ages. The reasons for a revival of interest were analyzed according to the idea of popular sovereignty. Also were analyzed the characters of feudalism relations between suzerain and vassal, reception of Roman law as well as the works of Aristotle, customary law of German tribes have been used in the understanding of the idea of popular sovereignty. A lot of works of medieval lawyers and philosophers (John of Salisbury, Henry de Bracton, Marsilius of Padua, William of Ockham, John of Paris, Thomas Aquinas) were analyzed in the article. Keywords: Democracy, Popular Sovereignty, Middle Ages, Two-Swords Theory, Conciliarism, Roman law. )

The Political Theory of the Disruption

1916 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold J. Laski
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Secular Society ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Political Principles ◽  
The Church

“Of political principles,” says a distinguished authority, “whether they be those of order or of freedom, we must seek in religious and quasi-theological writings for the highest and most notable expressions.” No one, in truth, will deny the accuracy of this claim for those ages before the Reformation transferred the centre of political authority from church to state. What is too rarely realised is the modernism of those writings in all save form. Just as the medieval state had to fight hard for relief from ecclesiastical trammels, so does its modern exclusiveness throw the burden of a kindred struggle upon its erstwhile rival. The church, intelligibly enough, is compelled to seek the protection of its liberties lest it become no more than the religious department of an otherwise secular society. The main problem, in fact, for the political theorist is still that which lies at the root of medieval conflict. What is the definition of sovereignty? Shall the nature and personality of those groups of which the state is so formidably one be regarded as in its gift to define? Can the state tolerate alongside itself churches which avow themselves societates perfectae, claiming exemption from its jurisdiction even when, as often enough, they traverse the field over which it ploughs? Is the state but one of many, or are those many but parts of itself, the one?

scholarly journals The evolution of the hospital from antiquity to the end of the middle ages

Curationis ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Cilliers ◽  
F.P. Retief
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Nursing Facilities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Specialized Institutions ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Middle Ages

The evolution of the hospital is traced from its onset in ancient Mesopotamia towards the end of the 2nd millennium to the end of the Middle Ages. Reference is made to institutionalised health care facilities in India as early as the 5th century BC, and with the spread of Buddhism to the east, to nursing facilities, the nature and function of which are not known to us, in Sri Lanka, China and South East Asia. Special attention is paid to the situation in the Graeco-Roman era: one would expect to find the origin of the hospital in the modem sense of the word in Greece, the birthplace of rational medicine in the 4th century BC, but the Hippocratic doctors paid house-calls, and the temples of Asclepius were visited for incubation sleep and magico-religious treatment. In Roman times the military and slave hospitals which existed since the 1st century AD, were built for a specialized group and not for the public, and were therefore also not precursors of the modem hospital. It is to the Christians that one must turn for the origin of the modem hospital. Hospices, initially built to shelter pilgrims and messengers between various bishops, were under Christian control developed into hospitals in the modem sense of the word. In Rome itself, the first hospital was built in the 4th century AD by a wealthy penitent widow, Fabiola. In the early Middle Ages (6th to 10th century), under the influence of the Benedictine Order, an infirmary became an established part of every monastery. During the late Middle Ages (beyond the 10th century) monastic infirmaries continued to expand, but public hospitals were also opened, financed by city authorities, the church and private sources. Specialized institutions, like leper houses, also originated at this time. During the Golden Age of Islam the Muslim world was clearly more advanced than its Christian counterpart with magnificent hospitals in various countries.

scholarly journals Pomeranian Pilgrimages in the Middle Ages. The State and Prospects of Research

2016 ◽  
pp. 129-168
Author(s):  
Marcin Majewski ◽  
Marian Rębkowski ◽  
Rafał Simiński
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
The Middle Ages

scholarly journals The Political Theory of F. Guizot on the Nature of Power and the Opposition on the Example of Elections to the State Duma in 2016

nauka.me ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Vladislav Gritsay
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Mutual Relations

The article analyzes the political theory of F.Gizo about the nature of power and opposition, about their mutual relations with each other and with the population. The author tries to consider this theory in the context of elections to the Russian Parliament in 2016.

scholarly journals Historia rozwoju Republiki Rzymskiej według Polibiusza

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
Anna Ceglarska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Republic ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
The State ◽  
Mixed System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Mutual Relation ◽  
Perfect System ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment

History of the rise of the Roman Republic as described by Polybius The aim of this article is to refer Polybius’s political theory, included in Book VI of The Histories, to the history of the rise of the Roman Republic. This theme must have been particularly significant for Polybius. For him, Rome was the most perfect example of a mixed government system, and the aim of describing its history was to show the development of this perfect system. The article presents the mutual relation of theory and history, starting with the period of kingship, up to the emergence of the democratic element, i.e. the moment when Rome acquired the mixed system of government. Both the political and social contexts of the changes are outlined. The analysis suggests that Polybius related his political theory to the history of the state he admired, thus providing the theory with actual foundations. Reconstructing his analysis makes it possible to see the history of Rome in a different light, and to ponder the system itself and its decline, even though the main objective of both Polybius and this article is to present its development.

scholarly journals Images of Power in the Societies of Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Symbols and Ritual Practices of the East and West

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Evgueny Alexandrovich Chiglintsev ◽  
Natalya Yurievna Bikeyeva ◽  
Maxim Vadimovich Griger ◽  
Igor Vladimirovich Vostrikov ◽  
Farit Nafisovich Ahmadiev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Political ◽  
East And West ◽  
Political Mythology ◽  
Evolution Of Ideas ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Industrial Societies ◽  
Ritual Practices ◽  
The Middle Ages

This collective article is dedicated to the images of power in the ancient and medieval societies, their forming, functions and the ways of representation. Authors found the universal components of the images of power in the different pre-industrial societies of the East and Vest, such as procedures of obtaining power, coronation and anointment, ruler’s regalia and the forms of organizing space of power. The authors investigate the relationship between the secular and the sacred elements in the political mythology of power. This paper deals with the evolution of images of power, rituals and symbols of authority from Ancient Eastern to Medieval societies. The purpose of the article is to present the universal components of the images of power in Ancient and Medieval times. The identification of common and specific features in the representation of power and ritual practices will allow us to see the evolution of ideas about power in pre-industrial societies.

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