Rural Nonfarm Households: Leaving the Farm and the Retirement of Older Men, 1860–1980

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon R. Moen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Older Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Urban Households

The fall in the labor force participation rate of older men in the United States has been dramatic. In 1860 approximately 76% of men 65 and older were in the labor force. Today less than 20% work. Much of the decline has been explained in terms of a shift from agricultural occupations to manufacturing or industrial occupations, where participation historically has been lower at older ages. Participation rates, however, appear to have been constant in both farm and urban households through 1930, thus challenging the thesis that industrialization and urbanization were causes of the fall in the participation rate of older men.

scholarly journals Changes in Labor Force Participation in the United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinhui Juhn ◽  
Simon Potter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Downturns

The labor force participation rate in the United States increased almost continuously for two-and-a-half decades after the mid-1960s, pausing only briefly during economic downturns. The pace of growth slowed considerably during the 1990s, however, and after reaching a record high of 67.3 percent in the first quarter of 2000, participation had declined by 1.5 percentage points by 2005. This paper reviews the social and demographic trends that contributed to the movements in the labor force participation rate in the second half of the twentieth century. It also examines the manner in which developments in the 2000s reflect a break from past trends and considers implications for the future.

scholarly journals Retirement Reconsidered: Labor Force Participation of Older Men in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph S. Falzone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Older Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Retirement Decision

<p>The objectives of this article are two fold. Changes in older men’s labor force participation in the United States are first described focusing on human capital and demographic variables. A model of the labor/leisure choice and the retirement decision of older menare then estimated employing Maximum Likelihood Probit. While changes in Social Security Benefit rules are a significant factor in explaining the trend of rising retirement age among older men, the focus here is on additional factors that contribute to older men’s decision to forestall retirement. Probit coefficient estimates for three distinct age cohorts verify the effects of hypothesized determinants of the decision to retire. Specifically, the coefficient on estimated earnings is negative and hasthe largest marginal effect on the decision to retire followed by years of education and retired wife. The effects of wives’ retirement decision will likely influence and forestall the retirement decision of married men as more working women reach retirement age. The rise in labor force participation rates of older men may offset rather than reverse the decline in men’s labor force participation rates that began more than a half century ago.</p>

The Great Recession and Economic Outcomes for Indigenous Peoples in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 695 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-157
Author(s):  
Randall Akee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
The Great Recession

This article examines the earnings and employment experience of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIAN) and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) residing in the United States during and after the Great Recession. I compare these populations to non-Hispanic whites over the same time period with respect to median earnings and inequality, labor force participation rates, earnings by location, educational attainment, and occupational status. I find that the AIAN population has the lowest median earnings and highest level of earnings inequality. NHPI and AIAN experience a sharp increase in earnings inequality over the Great Recession and AIAN have a pronounced drop in labor force participation; these inequality measures remained elevated and stable over the recovery period especially for the AIAN population. Indigenous peoples employed in food services occupations experienced the least amount of earnings decline over the Great Recession, while those employed in construction and sales experienced larger declines. Labor force participation rates dropped most dramatically for the AIAN population over the Great Recession and remained at a new lower level in the recovery period. The analysis shows that there are stark differences across time, space, and occupation for these groups.

scholarly journals Growth of oil/gas sectors and non oil/gas trade: The impact on labor-force participation rates in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andi Sessu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oil Gas

Export trade balance, oil and non-oil imports, Indonesia is in an active state or economy to prosper, while the results of multiple regression analysis showed that the export of non oil/gas, non oil/gas import, oil and gas imports and economic growth positive effect on the labor force participation rate, which means every increased four variables also increased labor force participation rate, while oil and gas exports have negative effect means that any increased export of oil and gas resulting in a decline in labor force participation rates and significant effect of all the variables of the labor force participation rate in Indonesia. Multiple correlation coefficients obtained r = 0.998 shows the effect of variable export of non oil/gas, non oil/gas import, export of oil and gas, oil and gas imports, economic growth together very strong and the coefficient of determination together the five variables can be R = 0.996 shows the percentage contribution of influence together of 99% means that only 0.01% contribution of other variables influence the level of labor force participation in Indonesia. It can be concluded that the development of oil and gas trade and non-oil and gas in Indonesia still need cooperation between individual communities, private sector, civil society and government in an effort to increase trade in Indonesia, because it is very big influence on the labor force participation rate that could lower the unemployment rate and can automatically reducing poverty, because unemployment and poverty in Indonesia is still high when compared with some other countries in the world

scholarly journals The Labor Force Participation Rate: A Rexamination Of The Determinants Of Its Decline

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 2283
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Litzinger ◽  
John H. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
The Impact

The U.S. Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is defined as the number of people in the labor force as a percentage of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over.  In a paper published in November, 2013, we examined the determinants of the decline in the LFPR from a 1998 peak of 67.2% to then, 63.3%.  Consensus of a number of economic studies at that time was that the primary determinant of the decline was cyclical and that an improving economy would stop, if not reverse, the downward trend. Since that time the unemployment rate has declined from 7.2% to 5.3%.  However, the LFPR has continued its decline to 62.6%.  Structural issues in the economy would appear to have far greater effect on LFPR decline than previously believed. In this paper we examine the following classes of structural determinants and their effects on LFPR: demographics, including not only the prime working cohort of ages 25 to 54, but also those of retirement age; the impact of a welfare system that appropriately provides a critical safety net, but one that reduces incentive to work through disability payments, extended unemployment benefits, and other subsidies;  education for both those of a higher level of attainment, as well as an underclass that no longer receives training by business, but must rely on both public and private vocational education; and finally the consequences of globalization on the economy, including the virtual disappearance of semi-skilled industries in the United States that heretofore have provided jobs for high school graduates.

scholarly journals The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care: School Reopening Plans and Parents’ Employment During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlyn Collins ◽  
Leah Ruppanner ◽  
Liana Christin Landivar ◽  
William Scarborough
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Hybrid Instruction ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Percentage Points

The COVID-19 pandemic has upended in-person public education across the United States, a critical infrastructure of care that parents—especially mothers—depend on to work. To understand the nature and magnitude of school closures across states, we collected detailed primary data—the Elementary School Operating Status database (ESOS)—to measure the percentage of school districts offering in-person, remote, and hybrid instruction models for elementary schools by state in September 2020. We link these data to the Current Population Survey to evaluate the association between school reopening and parents’ labor force participation rates, comparing 2020 labor force participation rates to those observed pre-pandemic in 2019. We find that, across states, the maternal labor force participation rate fell to a greater extent than that of fathers. In 2019, mothers’ rate of labor force participation was about 18 percentage points lower than fathers’. By 2020, this gap grew by five percentage points in states where schools offered primarily remote instruction. We show that schools are a vital source of care for young children, and that without in-person instruction, mothers have been sidelined from the labor force. The longer these conditions remain in place, the more difficult it may be for mothers to fully recover from prolonged spells of non-employment, resulting in reduced occupational opportunities and lifetime earnings.

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