scholarly journals Discoveries in the Solar System

1997 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Suzanne Débarbat
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Stellar Parallax

The subject of IAU Colloquium 165 and the year 1996, which is the 150th anniversary of the discovery of the planet Neptune, give the opportunity to recall facts which have led to the discovery of three new major planets in the Solar System.Five planets plus the Earth, the Sun and the Moon were the only permanent objects known in the Solar System from Antiquity up to the 17th century when Galileo (1564–1642) discovered four new bodies around Jupiter.The question of the dimensions of the Solar System and the distances of the stars soon became one of the main problems. From the parallax of Mars J.-D. Cassini (1625–1712) deduced the diameter of the Earth’s orbit and the astronomers attempted to determine the stellar parallax at six-month intervals at the Paris and Greenwich Observatories, leading Bradley (1693–1762) to the discoveries of aberration in 1726, and nutation in 1745.

solar system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Tsirogianni
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
The Moon ◽  
National Observatory ◽  
Simple Concept ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Main Target ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Giant Step ◽  
The Subject

<p>                                              Solar System</p><p> </p><p>   The beauty and the vastness of science remains an astonishing lesson for all. As a teacher I have consciously chosen the topic of our solar system for my class (1<sup>st</sup> grade, 6-7 age ) in order to boost their willingness to explore fascinating questions regarding it. Very early, every morning, they look up at the sky and they point at the moon. They wonder how it is like. This topic gives incentives to students to learn more about life. It helps them appreciate the Earth. It gives them the motivation to preserve and respect our natural resources.</p><p>Young students certainly will get to know the planets, their order, size and more, but my main target is to enhance their curiosity about Knowledge. We will learn new terms that are linked to the solar system through interactive, interesting and funny activities to boost comprehension. Using a combination of illustrations, books, videos, worksheets and crafts is an excellent way to introduce children in simple concept and lessons. Then common activities will follow including coloring the planets, putting them in order and creating a model of the solar system.</p><p>There are a number of subjects worth exploring (planets, moon, satellites, spacecrafts, telescopes, stars, Earth, sun). My students will form groups and each group will choose the subject that excites it and focus on it.</p><p>I have already scheduled a visit to the National Observatory of Athens which will mark the end of this project.</p><p> I would like to finish this abstract by paraphrasing Neil Armstrong: "one small incentive for a student, one giant step for the future scientists ".</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals IX. On the tidal friction of a planet attended by several satellites, and on the evolution of the solar system

1881 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 491-535 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Central Body ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Tidal Friction ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Complete Investigation

In previous papers on the subject of tidal friction I have confined my attention principally to the case of a planet attended by a single satellite. But in order to make the investigation applicable to the history of the earth and moon it was necessary to take notice of the perturbation of the sun. In consequence of the largeness of the sun’s mass it was not there requisite to make a complete investigation of the theory of a planet attended by a pair of satellites. In the first part of this paper the theory of the tidal friction of a central body attended by any number of satellites is considered.

scholarly journals Everything Is A Circle: A New Universal Orbital Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
AslıPınar Tan
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ecliptic Plane ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Circular Orbits ◽  
Orbital Parameters ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Angular Velocities

Based on measured astronomical position data of heavenly objects in the Solar System and other planetary systems, all bodies in space seem to move in some kind of elliptical motion with respect to each other. According to Kepler’s 1st Law, “orbit of a planet with respect to the Sun is an ellipse, with the Sun at one of the two foci.” Orbit of the Moon with respect to Earth is also distinctly elliptical, but this ellipse has a varying eccentricity as the Moon comes closer to and goes farther away from the Earth in a harmonic style along a full cycle of this ellipse. In this paper, our research results are summarized, where it is first mathematically shown that the “distance between points around any two different circles in three dimensional space” is equivalent to the “distance of points around a vector ellipse to another fixed or moving point, as in two dimensional space”. What is done is equivalent to showing that bodies moving on two different circular orbits in space vector wise behave as if moving on an elliptical path with respect to each other, and virtually seeing each other as positioned at an instantaneously stationary point in space on their relative ecliptic plane, whether they are moving with the same angular velocity, or different but fixed angular velocities, or even with different and changing angular velocities with respect to their own centers of revolution. This mathematical revelation has the potential to lead to far reaching discoveries in physics, enabling more insight into forces of nature, with a formulation of a new fundamental model regarding the motions of bodies in the Universe, including the Sun, Planets, and Satellites in the Solar System and elsewhere, as well as at particle and subatomic level. Based on the demonstrated mathematical analysis, as they exhibit almost fixed elliptic orbits relative to one another over time, the assertion is made that the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon must each be revolving in their individual circular orbits of revolution in space. With this expectation, individual orbital parameters of the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon are calculated based on observed Earth to Sun and Earth to Moon distance data, also using analytical methods developed as part of this research to an approximation. This calculation and analysis process have revealed additional results aligned with observation, and this also supports our assertion that the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon must actually be revolving in individual circular orbits.

scholarly journals Squeezing of the Super-Elastic Double-Helix Photon in the Gravitational Field (Hidden in Very-Well Known Old Formulae). Pound - Rebka - Snider Effect Studied by the Advanced LIGO Instrument, Pioneer Anomaly and CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background) (23.11.201

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Jiri Stavek
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Double Helix ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Pioneer Anomaly ◽  
Squeeze Rate ◽  
Squeeze Effect

In our approach we have combined knowledge of Old Masters (working in this field before the year 1905), New Masters (working in this field after the year 1905) and Dissidents under the guidance of Louis de Broglie and David Bohm. Based on the great experimental work of Robert Pound, Glen A. Rebka and J.L. Snider we have proposed a squeezing of the super-elastic double-helix photon in the gravitational field. We have newly defined the squeeze rate of that photon particle on the helical path. We have inserted this squeeze rate into the very-well old formulae of Newton, Soldner, Gerber and Einstein and might glimpse traces of the quantum gravity. The squeeze rate of photons can be studied in details using the Great instrument - the Advanced LIGO - located on the surface of the Earth (USA, Italy, Japan). The observed strains on the level 5*10-19 should be caused by the gravitational field of our Earth. The observed strains on the level 5*10-22 should be caused by the gravitational fields of the Moon and the Sun. We estimate that the experimental value of the gravitational constant G studied by the LIGO instrument can achieve the accuracy to the level of ppb (parts per billion) after the removal of those strains from the measured signal and the removal of the gravitational influences of the Earth, the Moon, the Sun, Venus and Jupiter. To study the squeeze effect on a bigger scale we propose to analyze the Pioneer anomaly where Pioneer´s photons have been flying around the planets in our Solar system causing the squeeze effect - the anomalous blueshift. Similarly, we can study cosmic microwave photons flying around the objects in our Solar system that might create “the axis of evil” - temperature fluctuations in the CMB map (Wien displacement law). Can we prepare in our Solar system “tired” light by frequent blueshift - redshift transitions? Can it be that Nature cleverly inserted the squeeze rate into our very-well known Old Formulae? We want to pass this concept into the hands of Readers of this Journal better educated in the Mathematics and Physics.

Measuring the CosmosParallax and the Transit of Venus

Lightspeed ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
John C. H. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
System P

A review of the methods the ancient Greeks used to measure the distances between the Earth and the Sun, and the Earth and the Moon, and the size of the Earth, and the lives of the personalities involved. The remarkable Jeremiah Horrocks. He was the first observer in 1639 of a transit of Venus to use it to deduce the distance from the Earth to the Sun, using the method of parallax, which is simply explained. The story of Halley’s proposal for the first international collaboration to observe a transit in 1671 and of his life. The adventures and misadventures of those who set out around the globe for this and the later transit observations of 1769, including Captain Cook in Tahiti. These produced the first reasonably accurate dimensions for our solar system.

The Origin of the Moon

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Ruskol
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solar System ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Origin Of The Moon

The difference between average densities of the Moon and Earth was interpreted in the preceding report by Professor H. Urey as indicating a difference in their chemical composition. Therefore, Urey assumes the Moon's formation to have taken place far away from the Earth, under conditions differing substantially from the conditions of Earth's formation. In such a case, the Earth should have captured the Moon. As is admitted by Professor Urey himself, such a capture is a very improbable event. In addition, an assumption that the “lunar” dimensions were representative of protoplanetary bodies in the entire solar system encounters great difficulties.

The Origin of the Moon and its Relationship to the Origin of the Solar System

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 133-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold C. Urey
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Origin Of The Moon

During the last 10 years, the writer has presented evidence indicating that the Moon was captured by the Earth and that the large collisions with its surface occurred within a surprisingly short period of time. These observations have been a continuous preoccupation during the past years and some explanation that seemed physically possible and reasonably probable has been sought.

scholarly journals Isotopic evidence for the formation of the Moon in a canonical giant impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sune G. Nielsen ◽  
David V. Bekaert ◽  
Maureen Auro
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Main Stage ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Giant Impact ◽  
Bulk Silicate Earth ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Isotopic Measurements ◽  
Origin Of The Moon

AbstractIsotopic measurements of lunar and terrestrial rocks have revealed that, unlike any other body in the solar system, the Moon is indistinguishable from the Earth for nearly every isotopic system. This observation, however, contradicts predictions by the standard model for the origin of the Moon, the canonical giant impact. Here we show that the vanadium isotopic composition of the Moon is offset from that of the bulk silicate Earth by 0.18 ± 0.04 parts per thousand towards the chondritic value. This offset most likely results from isotope fractionation on proto-Earth during the main stage of terrestrial core formation (pre-giant impact), followed by a canonical giant impact where ~80% of the Moon originates from the impactor of chondritic composition. Our data refute the possibility of post-giant impact equilibration between the Earth and Moon, and implies that the impactor and proto-Earth mainly accreted from a common isotopic reservoir in the inner solar system.

scholarly journals The Lunar orbit paradox

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-146
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Tomic
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Mass ◽  
Lunar Orbit ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Three Body ◽  
Origin Of The Moon ◽  
Force Intensity ◽  
Critical Consideration

Newton's formula for gravity force gives greather force intensity for atraction of the Moon by the Sun than atraction by the Earth. However, central body in lunar (primary) orbit is the Earth. So appeared paradox which were ignored from competent specialist, because the most important problem, determination of lunar orbit, was inmediately solved sufficiently by mathematical ingeniosity - introducing the Sun as dominant body in the three body system by Delaunay, 1860. On this way the lunar orbit paradox were not canceled. Vujicic made a owerview of principles of mechanics in year 1998, in critical consideration. As an example for application of corrected procedure he was obtained gravity law in some different form, which gave possibility to cancel paradox of lunar orbit. The formula of Vujicic, with our small adaptation, content two type of acceleration - related to inertial mass and related to gravity mass. So appears carried information on the origin of the Moon, and paradox cancels.

scholarly journals Features of the geochemistry of the Moon and the Earth, determined by the mechanism of formation of the Earth – Moon system (report at the 81st international meteorite conference, Moscow, july 2018)

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 762-776
Author(s):  
E. M. Galimov
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Kinetic Regime ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation ◽  
Planetary Body ◽  
Moon System ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Reversible Nature ◽  
Dust Condensation

This article discusses some features of geochemistry of the Earth and the Moon, which manifests the specificity of the mechanism of their formation by fragmentation of protoplanetary gas-dust condensation (Galimov & Krivtsov, 2012). The principal difference between this model and other hypotheses of the Earth-Moon system formation, including the megaimpact hypothesis, is that it assumes the existence of a long stage of the dispersed state of matter, starting with the formation of protoplanetary gas-dust condensation, its compression and fragmentation and ending with the final accretion to the formed high-temperature embryos of the Earth and the Moon. The presence of the dispersed state allows a certain way to interpret the observed properties of the Earth-Moon system. Partial evaporation of solid particles due to adiabatic heating of the compressing condensation leads to the loss of volatiles including FeO. Computer simulations show that the final accretion is mainly performed on a larger fragment (the Earth’s embryo) and only slightly increases the mass of the smaller fragment (the Moon embryo).This explains the relative depletion of the Moon in iron and volatile and the increased concentration of refractory components compared to the Earth. The reversible nature of evaporation into the dispersed space, in contrast to the kinetic regime, and the removal of volatiles in the hydrodynamic flow beyond the gas-dust condensation determines the loss of volatiles without the effect of isotopes fractionation. The reversible nature of volatile evaporation also provides, in contrast to the kinetic regime, the preservation of part of the high-volatile components, such as water, in the planetary body, including the Moon. It follows from the essence of the model that at least a significant part of the Earth’s core is formed not by segregation of iron in the silicate-metal melt, but by evaporation and reduction of FeO in a dispersed medium, followed by deposition of clusters of elemental iron to the center of mass. This mechanism of formation of the core explains the observed excess of siderophilic elements in the Earth’s mantle. It also provides a plausible explanation for the observed character of iron isotopes fractionation (in terms of δ57Fe‰) on Earth and on the Moon. It solves the problem of the formation of iron core from initially oxide (FeO) form. The dispersed state of the substance during the period of accretion suggests that the loss of volatiles occurred during the time of accretion. Using the fact that isotopic systems: U–Pb, Rb–Sr, 129J–129Xe, 244Pu–136Xe, contain volatile components, it is possible to estimate the chronology of events in the evolution of the protoplanetary state. As a result, agreed estimates of the time of fragmentation of the primary protoplanetary condensation and formation of the embryos of the Earth and the Moon are obtained: from 10 to 40 million years, and the time of completion of the earth’s accretion and its birth as a planetary body: 110 – 130 million years after the emergence of the solar system. The presented interpretation is consistent with the fact that solid minerals on the Moon have already appeared at least 60 million years after the birth of the solar system (Barboni et al., 2017), and the metal core in the Earth and in the Moon could not have formed before 50 million years from the start of the solar system, as follows from the analysis of the Hf-W system (Kleine et al., 2009). It is shown that the hypothesis of megaimpact does not satisfy many constraints and does not create a basis for the explanation of the geochemistry of the Earth and the Moon.

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