Responses of seedling transplants to environmental variations in contrasting habitats of Central Amazonia

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julieta Benítez-Malvido ◽  
Miguel Martínez-Ramos ◽  
José Luis C. Camargo ◽  
Isolde D. K. Ferraz
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Seedling Performance ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Seedling Size ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Contrasting Habitats

In the Central Amazon we investigated whether seedling performance (survival, and relative growth rates in height and leaf numbers) was affected by initial seedling size (height and leaf numbers) in habitats that varied in their degree of human disturbance: cattle pasture, young secondary forest, 1-ha forest fragment and old-growth forest. Additionally, effects of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), litter standing crop (LSC) and insect herbivory were evaluated 12 mo after transplantation in seedlings from the native canopy trees Chrysophyllum pomiferum, Micropholis venulosa and Pouteria caimito. Seedling performance changed rank across the understorey environment depending on species. Seedlings of Chrysophyllum thrived in all conditions but under high PAR, Micropholis thrived only in intermediate light conditions, whereas Pouteria thrived under high PAR. Effects of initial seedling size, PAR and herbivory after 1 y were specific to species, whereas LSC had no effect on performance. Initially larger seedlings resulted in lower survival for Chrysophyllum and Pouteria. Herbivory affected seedling performance in all species. Negative effects of herbivory were intensified under low PAR. Overall, our results showed that, as seedlings, species of the same family and characteristic of old-growth forests respond differently to the environmental constraints present in contrasting human-disturbed conditions. Larger seedlings may not always present greater tolerance to physical and biotic mortality risks.

Long-term performance and herbivory of tree seedlings planted into primary and secondary forests of Central Amazonia

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julieta Benítez-Malvido ◽  
Miguel Martínez-Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Central Amazonia ◽  
One Year ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
Over Time

Abstract:Plant survival and growth in tropical rain forest are affected by different biotic and abiotic forces. As time elapses and plants grow the relative importance of such forces as regeneration inhibitors and/or facilitators may change according to habitat and species. To detect within- and among-species divergences in performance over time in different habitats we followed, for nearly a decade, the survival, growth and herbivory of seedlings of the native tree species: Chrysophyllum pomiferum, Micropholis venulosa and Pouteria caimito. In Central Amazonia, young seedlings were planted into old-growth and secondary forests dominated by Vismia spp. One year after planting, C. pomiferum ranked first (i.e. fast growth, fewer dead and less herbivory) for both habitats, followed by M. venulosa and P. caimito. Initial trends changed over time. In the long term, M. venulosa ranked first for both habitats, followed by C. pomiferum and P. caimito ranked consistently lowest. Within-species divergences in growth and herbivory were greater in secondary forest. Initial seedling responses cannot always be used to predict species persistence in the long term. Contrary to previous estimations, old-growth-forest species can persist under Vismia spp. stands, at least when planted.

scholarly journals Bird Occupancy of a Neotropical Forest Fragment Is Mostly Stable over 17 Years but Influenced by Forest Age

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Marconi Campos-Cerqueira ◽  
W. Douglas Robinson ◽  
Gabriel Augusto Leite ◽  
T. Mitchell Aide
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Barro Colorado Island ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Forest Age ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Old Growth Forest

The effects of forest degradation, fragmentation, and climate change occur over long time periods, yet relatively few data are available to evaluate the long-term effects of these disturbances on tropical species occurrence. Here, we quantified changes in occupancy of 50 bird species over 17 years on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, a model system for the long-term effects of habitat fragmentation. The historical data set (2002–2005) was based on point counts, whereas the contemporary data set (2018) was based on acoustic monitoring. For most species, there was no significant change in occupancy; however, the occupancy of four species (Tinamus major, Polioptila plumbea, Myiarchus tuberculifer, and Ceratopipra mentalis) increased significantly, and the occupancy of three species (Saltator grossus, Melanerpes pucherani, and Cyanoloxia cyanoides) decreased significantly. Forest age explained the majority of occupancy variation and affected the occupancy of more bird species than survey period or elevation. Approximately 50% of the species seem to favor old-growth forest, and 15 species (30%) had a significantly higher occupancy in old-growth forest sites. Elevation had no significant impact on the occupancy of the majority of bird species. Although BCI has been a protected reserve for approximately 100 years, land-use legacies (i.e., forest age) continue to influence bird distribution.

scholarly journals Land use changes could modify future negative effects of climate change on old-growth forest indicator species

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1416-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Mair ◽  
Mari Jönsson ◽  
Minna Räty ◽  
Lars Bärring ◽  
Gustav Strandberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Indicator Species ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forest

Effects of forest age on fruit composition and removal in tropical bird-dispersed understorey trees

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather A. Lumpkin ◽  
W. Alice Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Forest Age ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Old Growth Forest

Abstract:Little is known about how land-use changes affect interspecific interactions such as fruit–frugivore mutualisms. Forest age could affect both fruit sugar concentrations via differences in light availability or disperser abundance, and fruit removal rates via differences in bird and plant community composition. We examined how these two factors are affected by forest age in a Costa Rican rain forest. We compared seven young-secondary forest species, seven old-growth forest species, andMiconia nervosagrowing in both forests. We measured sugar concentrations in fruits and manipulated the location of paired fruiting branches, measuring subsequent fruit removal. Sugar concentration means were on average 2.1 percentage points higher in young-secondary forest species than in old-growth forest species, but did not differ amongMiconia nervosafruits from the two forests. Fruit removal rates were higher in young-secondary forest for 86% of young-secondary forest species, 71% of old-growth forest species, and on average for both young-secondary and old-growth forestMiconia nervosaindividuals. Higher sugar concentrations in young-secondary forest plants could reflect stronger competition for dispersers, while experimental fruit removal results suggests the opposite patterns of competition; fruits are more likely to be removed by dispersers in young-secondary forest independent of fruit nutrient concentration.

Stadium Woods: A dendroecological analysis of an old-growth forest fragment on a university campus

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn A. Copenheaver ◽  
John R. Seiler ◽  
John A. Peterson ◽  
Andrew M. Evans ◽  
Jason L. McVay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
University Campus ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forest

scholarly journals Old-growth forest loss and secondary forest recovery across Amazonian countries.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte C. Smith ◽  
John Healey ◽  
Erika Berenguer ◽  
Paul J. Young ◽  
Ben Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Forest Loss ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forest

scholarly journals Old-growth forest loss and secondary forest recovery across Amazonian countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Smith ◽  
John Healey ◽  
Erika Berenguer ◽  
Paul Young ◽  
Ben Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Forest Loss ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forest

There is growing recognition of the potential of large-scale restoration in the Amazon as a “nature-based solution” to climate change. However, our knowledge of forest loss and recovery beyond Brazil is limited, and carbon emissions and accumulation have not been estimated for the whole biome. Combining a 33-year land cover dataset with estimates of above-ground biomass and carbon sequestration rates, we evaluate forest loss and recovery across nine Amazonian countries and at a local scale. We also estimate the role of secondary forests in offsetting old-growth deforestation emissions and explore the temporal trends in forest loss and recovery. We find secondary forests across the biome to have offset just 9.7% of carbon emissions from old-growth deforestation, despite occupying 27.6% of deforested land. However, these numbers varied between countries ranging from 9.0% in Brazil to 23.8% in Guyana for carbon offsetting, and 24.8% in Brazil to 56.9% in Ecuador for forest area recovery. We reveal a strong, negative spatial relationship between old-growth forest loss and recovery by secondary forests, showing that regions with the greatest potential for large-scale restoration are also those that currently have the lowest recovery (e.g. Brazil dominates deforestation and emissions but has the lowest recovery). Our findings identify three important challenges for policy makers: (1) incentivising large-scale restoration in highly deforested regions, (2) protecting secondary forests without disadvantaging landowners who depend on farm-fallow systems, and (3) preventing further deforestation. Combatting all of these successfully is essential to ensuring that the Amazon biome achieves its potential in mitigating anthropogenic climate change.

scholarly journals Tropical land use drives endemic versus exotic ant communities in a global biodiversity hotspot

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjaharinony A. N. A. Rakotomalala ◽  
Annemarie Wurz ◽  
Ingo Grass ◽  
Dominic A. Martin ◽  
Kristina Osen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Rice Paddy ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Ant Communities ◽  
Agricultural Matrix ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
North Eastern

AbstractUnderstanding how land-use change affects biodiversity is a fundamental step to develop effective conservation strategies in human-modified tropical landscapes. Here, we analyzed how land-use change through tropical small-scale agriculture affects endemic, exotic, and non-endemic native ant communities, focusing on vanilla landscapes in north-eastern Madagascar, a global biodiversity hotspot. First, we compared ant species richness and species composition across seven land-use types: old-growth forest, forest fragment, forest-derived vanilla agroforest, fallow-derived vanilla agroforest, woody fallow, herbaceous fallow, and rice paddy. Second, we assessed how environmental factors drive ant species richness in the agricultural matrix to identify management options that promote endemic and non-endemic native while controlling exotic ant species. We found that old-growth forest, forest fragment, and forest-derived vanilla agroforest supported the highest endemic ant species richness. Exotic ant species richness, by contrast, was lowest in old-growth forest but highest in herbaceous fallows, woody fallows, and rice paddy. Rice paddy had the lowest non-endemic native ant species richness. Ant species composition differed among land-use types, highlighting the uniqueness of old-growth forest in harboring endemic ant species which are more sensitive to disturbance. In the agricultural matrix, higher canopy closure and landscape forest cover were associated with an increase of endemic ant species richness but a decrease of exotic ant species richness. We conclude that preserving remnant forest fragments and promoting vanilla agroforests with a greater canopy closure in the agricultural matrix are important management strategies to complement the role of old-growth forests for endemic ant conservation in north-eastern Madagascar.

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