Multilingualism in the United States

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 242-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Lee McKay
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pacific Rim ◽  
Current Intensity ◽  
Language Diversity ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The U.S

The scope of this paper is limited to an overview of mutilingualism in the U.S. from 1980 to the present. During this period, discussions of language diversity in the U.S. have been largely dominated by an effort to exert the hegemony of English. This effort has been brought on by changes in the demographic makeup of the U.S. population and supported by a commonly held belief that the economic strength of the U.S. in the international sphere is declining. A dramatic increase in the number of immigrants from Central and South America and the Pacific Rim, coupled with increasing economic competition from industrialized European and Asian nations, has resulted in widespread support for the exclusive use of English in the U.S. This emphasis on English is seen as a way to minimize the threat of the “foreign” influences that are believed to be undermining both the internal unity of the U.S., and its economic world dominance. Whereas nativism is nothing new in the U.S., its current intensity has been fueled by global aspects of migration and economic trade.

scholarly journals The use of mechanical restraint in Pacific Rim countries: an international epidemiological study

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Newton-Howes ◽  
M. K. Savage ◽  
R. Arnold ◽  
T. Hasegawa ◽  
V. Staggs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pacific Rim ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Mechanical Restraint ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Bed Days ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Abstract Aims The use of mechanical restraint is a challenging area for psychiatry. Although mechanical restraint remains accepted as standard practice in some regions, there are ethical, legal and medical reasons to minimise or abolish its use. These concerns have intensified following the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Despite national policies to reduce use, the reporting of mechanical restraint has been poor, hampering a reasonable understanding of the epidemiology of restraint. This paper aims to develop a consistent measure of mechanical restraint and compare the measure within and across countries in the Pacific Rim. Methods We used the publicly available data from four Pacific Rim countries (Australia, New Zealand, Japan and the United States) to compare and contrast the reported rates of mechanical restraint. Summary measures were computed so as to enable international comparisons. Variation within each jurisdiction was also analysed. Results International rates of mechanical restraint in 2017 varied from 0.03 (New Zealand) to 98.9 (Japan) restraint events per million population per day, a variation greater than 3000-fold. Restraint in Australia (0.17 events per million) and the United States (0.37 events per million) fell between these two extremes. Variation as measured by restraint events per 1000 bed-days was less extreme but still substantial. Within all four countries there was also significant variation in restraint across districts. Variation across time did not show a steady reduction in restraint in any country during the period for which data were available (starting from 2003 at the earliest). Conclusions Policies to reduce or abolish mechanical restraint do not appear to be effecting change. It is improbable that the variation in restraint within the four examined Pacific Rim countries is accountable for by psychopathology. Greater efforts at reporting, monitoring and carrying out interventions to achieve the stated aim of reducing restraint are urgently needed.

La Campaña Permanente: Mexico's Antidrug Campaign

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B. Craig
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
South America ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Potency ◽  
Psychotropic Substances ◽  
Antidrug Campaign ◽  
The U.S

The problems associated with drug abuse in the United States have received considerable attention in recent years. By the mid-1970s, approximately 500,000 Americans were addicted to heroin, while at least 15 million were regular or casual users of marijuana. None of this heroin originates domestically, and only a small percentage of the marijuana, and this of low potency, is home-grown. Consequently, the question of source has become cardinal to most analyses of drug use and abuse in the United States.Mexico has long been the primary source of high potency marijuana for the American market. Despite the recent influx from Jamaica and Colombia, Mexico still supplies an estimated 70% of the annual American consumption, or some 10 million pounds. More importantly, Mexico is currently the source of 70% to 80% of the heroin on the U.S. market, an alarming 6-8 ton annual figure. Furthermore, Mexico is both a primary transshipment route for cocaine, an increasingly popular drug originating in South America, and the source of vast quantities of psychotropic substances.

scholarly journals Living on the Ring of Fire: Perspectives on Managing Natural Hazard Risk in Pacific Rim Countries

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Paton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pacific Rim ◽  
Hazard Risk ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Alter Ego

AbstractFrom the perspective of studying natural hazards, the peace and tranquillity that might be expected from a literal translation of its name does not always capture the reality of life for communities on the Pacific Rim. This reality is more readily discerned in its alter ego: the Ring of Fire. The latter leaves one in less doubt as to the hazardous circumstances likely to prevail in this region. In addition to the hazards posed by the numerous volcanoes that resulted in the ‘Ring of Fire’ appellation, communities situated around the Pacific Rim also have to contend with earthquakes, tsunami, storms, cyclones/typhoons, flood and bushfire. To this list of acute events can be added hazards of a chronic nature such as salinity, environmental degradation and sea-level rise that represent growing threats to many Pacific Rim countries. The region also faces increased risk from health-related hazards. Sydney, for example, has been identified as a pandemic hotspot as a result of it being a hub linking the airways of Asia and the United States.

Diverse and Transnational: Chinese (PRC) Immigrants in the United States

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia-Huang Yin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigrant Group ◽  
Recent Immigrants ◽  
American Experience ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Socioeconomic Diversity ◽  
American Society ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThis article studies characteristics of recent immigrants from China (PRC) in the United States, especially their socioeconomic status and networking with their native land. The unprecedented, large-scale, and highly diversified immigration from China to the U.S. since the late 1970s has not only turned the Chinese into the second largest immigrant group in American society, but has also created new opportunities for interpretation of the Chinese diasporic experience. By examining the socioeconomic diversity among PRC immigrants in their American life and the extensive networks they have established across the Pacific, the article shows how class, ethnicity, and transnationality work at cross purposes in the Chinese American experience and sheds light on the new dynamics in overseas Chinese communities in this rapidly changing era.

scholarly journals Coast-to-coast spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States revealed by genomic epidemiology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Fauver ◽  
Mary E. Petrone ◽  
Emma B. Hodcroft ◽  
Kayoko Shioda ◽  
Hanna Y. Ehrlich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Genomic Epidemiology ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The U.S

SummarySince its emergence and detection in Wuhan, China in late 2019, the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has spread to nearly every country around the world, resulting in hundreds of thousands of infections to date. The virus was first detected in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States in January, 2020, with subsequent COVID-19 outbreaks detected in all 50 states by early March. To uncover the sources of SARS-CoV-2 introductions and patterns of spread within the U.S., we sequenced nine viral genomes from early reported COVID-19 patients in Connecticut. Our phylogenetic analysis places the majority of these genomes with viruses sequenced from Washington state. By coupling our genomic data with domestic and international travel patterns, we show that early SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Connecticut was likely driven by domestic introductions. Moreover, the risk of domestic importation to Connecticut exceeded that of international importation by mid-March regardless of our estimated impacts of federal travel restrictions. This study provides evidence for widespread, sustained transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within the U.S. and highlights the critical need for local surveillance.

Occurrence of Stenocarpella macrospora Causing Ear Rot in Corn in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-154
Author(s):  
Martha P. Romero Luna ◽  
Carl A. Bradley ◽  
Heather M. Kelly ◽  
Kiersten A. Wise
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
South America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Stenocarpella Maydis ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Related Fungus

Diplodia ear rot of corn is primarily caused by the fungus Stenocarpella maydis in the United States. Stenocarpella macrospora is a closely related fungus present in the U.S. but primarily associated with Diplodia leaf streak. S. macrospora is recognized as a major ear rot pathogen in South America and South Africa, but has infrequently been associated with ear rot in the U.S. This brief presents the first reports of Diplodia ear rot in Illinois and Tennessee. This is also the first confirmation of S. macrospora causing ear rot in the U.S. in over 60 years. Accepted for publication 19 May 2016. Published 15 June 2016.

Preparing the South Pacific for U.S. Influence: The uss Narragansett in Samoa, 1872

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-28
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Blume
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
New Wave ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Naval Officers ◽  
The U.S

This article explores the diplomatic negotiations that U.S. Navy Commander Richard W. Meade conducted in Samoa in 1872. The resulting agreement that came to be known as “the Meade Treaty” was the first the United States negotiated with Samoa, but scholars usually have not explored the details of it and the process that produced it because the U.S. Senate rejected the treaty. Meade’s motivations and actions in Samoa provide a case study in how the interactions of naval officers, business leaders, islanders, and diplomats converged to produce early U.S. diplomacy in the Pacific. The article sketches the situation in Samoa in 1872 when Commander Meade and his ship, the uss Narragansett, arrived. The role of the United States in the Pacific was changing in the last third of the 19th Century, and Commander Meade’s motivations, influences, and actions illustrate the new wave of U.S. Pacific expansion during the years after the American Civil War.

Introduction

Gateway State ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Sarah Miller-Davenport
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Cultural Encounters ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The U.S

This introductory chapter explains that global decolonization and Hawaiʻi statehood complemented U.S. efforts to promote the nation-state as the primary building block of the postwar global order. As the leading power of the noncommunist world, the United States “startlingly naturalized the free nation,” drawing on the tradition of Open Door diplomacy to advance its own political and economic interests as European colonialism collapsed. Against this background, Hawaiʻi, as an overseas colony legally distinct from the rest of the United States, appeared to many as an aberration needing resolution. Thus, the ideas on multiculturalism developed in Hawaiʻi were not mere rhetoric: poststatehood Hawaiʻi became a physical center for facilitating the new cultural encounters of the Cold War, with varying degrees of success. For those Americans seeking to sway the loyalties of people in Asia and the Pacific, Hawaiʻi was not only seen as a symbolic representation of America's commitment to democracy and diversity; it was also a place where people from both Asia and the U.S. mainland were physically transported in order to prove the veracity of that message. But those cultural encounters did not always go as planned.

In Lieu of GILTI

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Davis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tax Planning ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
Planning Technique ◽  
The U.S

Prior to the 2017 tax reform (TCJA), with a few exceptions, the United States only taxed the foreign income of its domestic corporations when profits were distributed to its U.S. shareholders as dividends. Through this policy, the United States supported its domestic corporations’ active overseas business operations by allowing equal economic competition with foreign entities without the additional burden of paying the U.S. income tax. However, corporations were able to use this ability to electively defer U.S. tax on foreign income as a tax planning technique, which, in part, contributed to the accumulation of large amounts of untaxed “offshore” earnings by U.S. multinational corporations. The U.S. Congress essentially terminated deferral and this tax planning technique when it enacted the current tax on global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) as part of the TCJA. But GILTI is a formulaic calculation that taxes income regardless of the taxpayer’s intent, use of profits, or the income’s potential for aggressive tax planning. Although GILTI protects against the use of aggressive tax planning techniques, it compromises the tax policy goal of allowing U.S. corporations to compete in foreign jurisdictions unhindered by the U.S. income tax. In lieu of GILTI and the section 245A deduction, this Article proposes a new Subpart F inclusion for excessive unrepatriated earnings based on the concept of distributable net income. This proposal would be superior to the current GILTI regime because it would allow multinational corporations to use deferral for the beneficial goal of supporting foreign active business operations, but would prevent the use of deferral for tax planning purposes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document