Recent Developments on Formosa

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 59-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin Gurtov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Cultural Revolution

Ever since the conquest of the mainland by Communist forces, the foreign policy of the Republic of China has revolved about a single goal: recovery of the mainland. Recovery of the mainland is, in fact, the reason d'être of the Chiang Kai-shek régime; should the government ever admit doubts about its ability or desire to return, the entire basis for KMT rule would be irrevocably undercut. It is therefore not surprising that, in the last two years no less than in the more distant past, the theme of an imminent return has dominated the pages of Formosa's newspapers, with new evidence being brought forward regularly to demonstrate that the mainland régime is on the verge of collapse. The cultural revolution has brought about important changes in the “return” theme. It has not reduced its relevance, but seems to have induced recalculations in ROC official circles over the timing and nature of the mainland recovery operation.

The Normalization of Sino-French Diplomatic Relations in 1964 and the Formation of the “One-China” Principle: Negotiations over Breaking French Diplomatic Relations with the Republic of China Government and the Recognition of the People’s Republic of China as the Sole Legitimate Government

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 252-271
Author(s):  
Madoka Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

AbstractThis article examines the substance and modification of the “One-China” principle, which the government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) pursued in the mid 1960s. Under this principle, a country wishing to establish diplomatic relations with the PRC was required first to break off such relations with the Republic of China (ROC). In 1964 the PRC established diplomatic relations with France. This was its first ambassadorial exchange with a Western government. The PRC, in the negotiations over the establishment of diplomatic relations, attempted to achieve some consensus with France on the matter of “One-China”. The PRC, nevertheless, had to abandon these attempts, even though it demanded fewer conditions of France than of the United States (USA), Japan and other Western countries in the 1970s. The PRC had demanded adherence to the “One-China” principle since 1949. France, however, refused to accept this condition. Nevertheless, the PRC established diplomatic relations with France before the latter broke off relations with the ROC. Subsequently, the PRC abandoned the same condition in negotiations with the African governments of the Republic of Congo, Central Africa, Dahomey and Mauritania. After the negotiations with France, the PRC began to insist that the joint communiqué on the establishment of diplomatic relations should clearly state that “the Government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legal government of China”. However, France refused to insert these words into the communiqué. Afterwards, the PRC nevertheless insisted on putting such a statement into the joint communiqués or exchanges of notes on the establishment of diplomatic relations with the African countries mentioned above. This was done in order to set precedents for making countries accede to the “One-China” principle. The “One-China” principle was, thus, gradually formed in the process of the negotiation and bargaining between the PRC and other governments.

Inclusion of the “eastern vector” in the sphere of USSR foreign policy. Russian / Soviet-Chinese relations in the 1910s — 1920s

2021 ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Natalya Mamaeva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
State Level ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Academic History ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Soviet Russia

In connection with the 20th anniversary of the signing of the Russian-Chinese Treaty on Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation (July 16, 2001), interest in the history of Russian-Chinese relations has grown even more. The author focuses on the development of bilateral Russian / Soviet — Chinese relations as one of the main directions of the eastern policy of Soviet Russia. The author notes the presence of two main channels of their formation. On the one hand, in the diplomatic and legal plane, at the level of state institutions, on the other hand, through the sphere of interaction of the Comintern, the RCP (b) / VKP (b), representatives of the diplomatic corps in China — with parties and public organizations of the Republic of China. Special attention is paid to identifying the main tasks that the participants in the process of interstate rapprochement set themselves. In the formation of the eastern direction of the USSR foreign policy, the importance of interaction between the Soviet state and China was taken into account to strengthen the positions of the RSFSR / USSR in the international arena in a difficult time for Russia of “international isolation”, the Civil War, foreign intervention, and the establishment of NEP. The Chinese side highly appreciated the new principles of the USSR's foreign policy. This is evidenced by the signing by both parties on May 31, 1924 of the Agreement on General Principles for the Settlement of Issues between the USSR and the Republic of China. At the same time, during the 1910s — 1920s. The Chinese side at times demonstrated inconsistency, elements of legal nihilism, participation in anti-Soviet provocations in exchange for concessions from the powers in the struggle to abolish “unequal treaties”. There were also acute and controversial problems associated with the Chinese Eastern Railway and Mongolia. Despite some negatives in relations between the RSFSR / USSR and the Republic of China, in general, the relations of the parties were characterized by a mutual desire for rapprochement at the state level, more inherent in the Soviet Union. This text was prepared within the framework of the project of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the creation of a multivolume academic history of Russia. Published for approbation purposes.

General Assembly

1960 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-188 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Plenary Meeting ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The fourteenth session of the General Assembly met at UN Headquarters from September 15 through December 12, 1959, when it was adjourned. At the opening plenary meeting Mr. Victor Belaunde (Peru) was elected President of the session, having obtained 81 votes out of a possible 82. At its 803d plenary meeting, the Assembly adopted by a vote of 44 to 29, with 9 abstentions, the recommendation contained in the report of the General Committee that the Assembly reject the request of India for the inclusion in its agenda of the question of the representation of China in the UN and decided not to consider at its fourteenth session any proposal to exclude the representatives of the government of the Republic of China or to seat representatives of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China.

General Assembly

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-138 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Plenary Meeting ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The tenth session of the General Assembly met at UN Headquarters from September 20 to December 20, 1955. At the opening plenary meeting, Mr. José Maza (Chile) was unanimously elected President of the session. On the motion of the United States, the Assembly by a vote of 42 to 12 with 6 abstentions decided not to consider any proposals to exclude the representatives of the government of the Republic of China or to seat representatives of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China during the tenth session.

scholarly journals The influence of the Itinerants' creative ideas on Chinese realistic painting

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
Li Xiaotao ◽  
◽  
Yan Qing ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Critical Realism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Cultural Dialogue ◽  
Art For Art's Sake ◽  
The Cultural Revolution

The article analyzes the influence of the Itinerants' creative ideas on Chinese realistic painting, the development of which is inseparable from the study of the Itinerants. The article examines how the painting technique and ideology of the Association of Itinerant Art Exhibitions founded in the late 19th century are relevant to many 20th-century Chinese artists. The authors identify the ideological principles of the Itinerant movement that have influenced different generations of Chinese artists (rejection of the “art for art's sake” principle, emphasis on national characteristics of painting, responsibility for reflecting the life of people in the country, advocating the spirit of critical realism as the only true way to reflect life in art) and prove that without Russian Itinerants there would be no Chinese realism in painting and modern Chinese realistic painting. The article identifies and characterizes three stages of adopting the Itinerant creative ideas in China: the period of the Republic of China (acquaintance of the Chinese public with the Itinerants' paintings and understanding the Itinerant ideology at the time of the “Movement for New Culture”), the beginning of the PRC foundation (the period of comprehensive study of realist painting, training of talented Chinese artists in art educational institutions of the USSR as part of the cultural exchange and mastering the principles of Soviet realist art) and the first decade after the Cultural Revolution (a critical “painting of scars” reflecting the experiences and fates of people during the Cultural Revolution). The authors conclude that the study of the Itinerants' creative ideas from the point of view of cultural studies in the context of the Chinese realist art school development is important for understanding the Russian- Chinese cultural dialogue.

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