Who published what on Somali health issues?

In this editorial we attempt to define additional rationales for SHAJ, the Somali Health Action Journal, further to those presented in our inaugural editorial. We recognize the health information divide as one of the three health gaps characterizing the global health inequality landscape. The SHAJ venture emerged from a joint Somali-Swedish initiative to revive a former collaborative research programme also recognizing the need for a Somali-based platform for research communication. The members of the SHAJ Editorial team decided to join forces in designing and carrying out an empirical bibliometric study to assess the state of the art of the published literature on Somali health issues over a 75-year period covering major societal development eras in Somali academic history. This editorial is basically presented in the form of a report from this study, concluding with a statement on the policy implications for SHAJ and Somali based research for health. The study raises concerns about the scarcity of research publications on Somali public health issues. This points to the need for research capacity strengthening in general and with special attention to the important role of the newly established Somali universities. We note a lack of balance regarding the topics and public health relevance of published papers in relation to the burden of prevailing health problems which calls for efforts to set research priorities in tune with the broad needs of the communities. Another observation is that the papers reviewed indicate a heavy dependence of the research agenda on external organisations and funders, which calls for active attention to research ownership issues in terms of Somali leadership and authorship. There is a lack of dissemination channels for Somali based health research and limited possibilities for young Somali scientists to publish their studies. As a Somali-owned journal, we envisage that SHAJ can play a catalytic role in the promotion and dissemination of "Essential Somali Health Research".

The First Ten Years with Edirne Red

The Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine (EJFM) is completing its 10th volume with this issue as one of the first products of the dreams of a group of academicians devoted to family medicine. Eurasian Society of Family Medicine (ESFAM) has been established in 2009 with the aim of carrying out scientific education and research activities, supporting ongoing scientific activities, and informing the society, carrying out activities for community education, and establishing a foundation to operate in this field. Shortly after its establishment, the first product of the association was organizing Trakya Family Medicine Congresses (TAHEK). At first, TAHEK was organized as a national congress in 2010 but since 2016 it became an international one with the participation of scientists from many countries (1). Next year on March 23-27, 2022 TAHEK will bring together Family Medicine academicians in Edirne for the 11th time (2). Edirne (Orestia, Orestas, Uscudama, Hadrianopolis, Edrenos, Edrenaboli, Edrene, finally Edirne) being the headquarters of ESFAM, is one of the ancient civilization centers of the world with its eight thousand years of history (3,4). After its conquest by the Turks in 1361, it was the capital of the Ottoman Empire until the conquest of Istanbul in 1453. Edirne has an important place in medical and academic history. The Complex of Sultan Bayezid II, which was opened in 1488, is one of the oldest universities in Europe with its medical faculty and hospital (5,6). In addition, the smallpox vaccine was first used in Edirne, its usage was later disseminated to Istanbul and Europe (7). Another imperial legacy that Edirne has is Edirne Red. Edirne Red was a natural dye obtained from the Rubia Tinctorum plant and very resistant to sunlight and washing, and was used in Turkish carpets and silk and cotton fabrics (8). While preparing the first issue of the Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine in 2012, we have chosen Edirne Red as the color of the cover of our journal, aiming to express our respect for the city where the association was established. Over the years, Trakya Family Medicine Congresses (TAHEK) have become one of the leading Family Medicine congresses of the Eurasian region, especially in the Balkans; It has made significant progress in becoming the meeting point of distinguished Family Medicine researchers and academicians from all over the world. During this time, our journal contributed to the dissemination of thousands of academic papers in the participating countries and increased the number of its followers. Likewise, Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine (EJFM) has enriched the international literature with many researches published over the years. It is a pride for us to express that the Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine has started to be indexed by many respected international scientific indexes. Scopus and DOAJ were added to these indexes this year. At the end of the tenth volume of our journal, we are happy to express our appreciation and gratitude to our authors, reviewers, distinguished international advisory board members, editors and all our stakeholders who shared our dreams and contributed to our products.

"We Never Knew": The Differences between Museum History and Academic History Explored through an Exhibition of the New Zealand Wars

<p>Public history and academic history have been viewed both as opposites, two practices related only by their concern with sharing the past, as well as conceptualised as similar fields with close connections to each other. Museum history exhibitions are an obvious example of public history in action. However, is the history that exhibitions present all that different from what is produced in the academy, or is this history academia in another form? Initially this dissertation aimed to explore the relationships between academic and public histories as discipline and practice, assuming a relationship rather than divide between the two fields as suggested in some of the literature. However, the eventual results of the research were different than expected, and suggested that in fact public histories manifest very differently to academic histories within a museum context. Using an adapted ethnographic research methodology, this dissertation traces the development of a single history exhibition, "Te Ahi Kā Roa, Te Ahi Kātoro Taranaki War 1860–2010: Our Legacy – Our Challenge", from its concept development to opening day and onwards to public programmes. This exhibition opened at Puke Ariki in New Plymouth in March 2010, and was a provocative display not only of the history of the wars themselves, but of the legacy of warfare in the Taranaki community. Other methods include partially structured interviews which were conducted with ten people involved in creating this exhibition, who outlined their roles in its production and provided their views on its development, and also a brief analysis of the broader social and historical context in which the exhibition was staged. Through tracing the creation of this history, the findings suggested that the history produced at Puke Ariki is a history in its own right, with noticeable differences from academic histories. The strongest correlation between public and academic history in this instance was the shared aspiration to be rigorous in conducting research and, as far as possible, to create an accurate portrayal of the past. Otherwise the history created by Puke Ariki through the exhibition proved to be different in that it was deliberately designed to be very accessible, and it utilised a number of presentation modes, including objects, text, audiovisual and sound. It was interactive, and had a clear aim of enabling the audience to participate in a discussion about the history being presented. Finally, it was a highly politicised history, in that decision making had to be negotiated with source communities in a collaborative fashion, and issues of censorship worked through with the council, a major funding source. The dissertation concludes that producing history in a museum context is a dynamic and flexible process, and one that can be successful despite not necessarily following theoretical models of exhibition development.</p>

"We Never Knew": The Differences between Museum History and Academic History Explored through an Exhibition of the New Zealand Wars

<p>Public history and academic history have been viewed both as opposites, two practices related only by their concern with sharing the past, as well as conceptualised as similar fields with close connections to each other. Museum history exhibitions are an obvious example of public history in action. However, is the history that exhibitions present all that different from what is produced in the academy, or is this history academia in another form? Initially this dissertation aimed to explore the relationships between academic and public histories as discipline and practice, assuming a relationship rather than divide between the two fields as suggested in some of the literature. However, the eventual results of the research were different than expected, and suggested that in fact public histories manifest very differently to academic histories within a museum context. Using an adapted ethnographic research methodology, this dissertation traces the development of a single history exhibition, "Te Ahi Kā Roa, Te Ahi Kātoro Taranaki War 1860–2010: Our Legacy – Our Challenge", from its concept development to opening day and onwards to public programmes. This exhibition opened at Puke Ariki in New Plymouth in March 2010, and was a provocative display not only of the history of the wars themselves, but of the legacy of warfare in the Taranaki community. Other methods include partially structured interviews which were conducted with ten people involved in creating this exhibition, who outlined their roles in its production and provided their views on its development, and also a brief analysis of the broader social and historical context in which the exhibition was staged. Through tracing the creation of this history, the findings suggested that the history produced at Puke Ariki is a history in its own right, with noticeable differences from academic histories. The strongest correlation between public and academic history in this instance was the shared aspiration to be rigorous in conducting research and, as far as possible, to create an accurate portrayal of the past. Otherwise the history created by Puke Ariki through the exhibition proved to be different in that it was deliberately designed to be very accessible, and it utilised a number of presentation modes, including objects, text, audiovisual and sound. It was interactive, and had a clear aim of enabling the audience to participate in a discussion about the history being presented. Finally, it was a highly politicised history, in that decision making had to be negotiated with source communities in a collaborative fashion, and issues of censorship worked through with the council, a major funding source. The dissertation concludes that producing history in a museum context is a dynamic and flexible process, and one that can be successful despite not necessarily following theoretical models of exhibition development.</p>

Early Hydroxyurea Use May be Neuroprotective in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia

Introduction: The neurologic changes of sickle cell anemia (SCA) are particularly devastating and include acute stroke, silent infarctions, and cerebral hypoxemia that together result in cumulative damage and significant neurocognitive deficits. Executive functioning and attention are the most commonly reported deficits with individuals with SCA scoring on average ten points lower on measures of full scale intelligence compared to matched unaffected controls, translating to poor academic achievement and later job attainment. Hydroxyurea is the standard-of-care in patients with SCA with a growing body of evidence suggesting a role in neuroprotection. However, although encouraging, until now, the only studies have involved children who began hydroxyurea in grade school, well after the onset of SCA-related neurocognitive decline. Beginning in 2014, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) began treating children with SCA as young as six months with hydroxyurea; these children have had few SCA-related complications and offer a unique population to evaluate the effects of the early introduction of hydroxyurea on neurocognition. Methods: We completed a cross-sectional analysis of the neurocognitive status of our SCA population. Children at least three years old with SCA were enrolled in two cohorts: 1) children with SCA (HbSS and HbS-B 0thalassemia genotypes) who began hydroxyurea before age five years and 2) children with SCA who did not qualify for the first cohort (either on hydroxyurea or chronic transfusions (CTT)). Unaffected controls (siblings of patients with SCA or children seen in the CCHMC primary care clinic) were matched to each patient with early hydroxyurea use by age, race, and sex. All participants completed the NIH Toolbox: Cognition Battery, a shortened neuropsychological evaluation administered using a handheld tablet in the clinical setting, requiring 15-30 minutes. The mean score is 100 and standard deviation 15. We also obtained academic history, demographic variables, and laboratory values for SCA patients. Our overall objective was to compare the neurocognitive status of children with SCA who initiated hydroxyurea before age five years to an unaffected, matched sibling and community control cohort and to historically treated patients followed at the CCHMC sickle cell clinic in order to assess whether the beneficial effects of hydroxyurea extend to neuroprotection. Results: We enrolled 29 patients into the early hydroxyurea SCA group with 24 matched unaffected controls (early hydroxyurea group: mean age 7.2 +/-3.2 years, 52% female). The SCA cohort who initiated disease modifying treatment later in life included 20 patients (mean age 16 +/-5.1 years, 70% female) (Table 1). There were no differences in age, gender, patient education, maternal education, and Area Deprivation Index (ADI, a marker of socioeconomic status) between the early hydroxyurea SCA and control cohorts (Table 1). In the SCA cohort initiating treatment later in life, 5 patients received hydroxyurea, 13 were on CTT for reasons other than for stroke prophylaxis, and 2 received no therapy. The early hydroxyurea use patients and controls scored no differently on the composite cognition score (86 +/-13 versus 88 +/-12, p = 0.6), while the early hydroxyurea patients scored significantly higher than the SCA cohort treated later in life on the composite cognition (versus 77 +/-14, p = 0.03) (Table 2). On a linear regression model, age (p = 0.004) and patient years of education (p = 0.04) were significantly correlated with the composite cognition score when considering all cohorts. When limited to only patients with SCA on hydroxyurea, age (p = 0.005) and patient education (p = 0.002) remained significant, while maternal educational attainment below high school (p = 0.07), hemoglobin (p = 0.07), and fetal hemoglobin (p = 0.07) approached significance. Conclusions: Due to challenges with social determinants of health, children with SCA are already at risk for poor academic performance with early and recurrent "silent" hypoxic events further exacerbating these challenges. If started early in life and maintained through the important early years of brain development, hydroxyurea may be neuroprotective for children with SCA. These data provide further evidence to support the universal prescription of hydroxyurea beginning in the first years of life for all children with SCA. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Review and Prospect: A Review of Transnational Migration and Local Social Studies in Wenzhou

The study of transnational migration and Wenzhou local society is an important part of the study of the social and economic history and cultural history of Wenzhou overseas Chinese hometown. Transnational migration plays an important role in the history of Wenzhou local social transformation and Chinese modernization. It has its unique style and regional significance in the international migration movement and the international migration movement of Chinese overseas Chinese society. On the basis of combing and summarizing the academic history and research trends of the related research in recent years, this paper analyzes the characteristics and existing problems of the research, and puts forward the future research orientation and suggestions.

The Retrospect of Modern China on Islamic Studies—Centered on People, Institutions and Their Academic Activities

The academic history of Islam in China. It not only refers to the academic history of Chinese scholars' research on Chinese Islam, but also includes the carding of various researches and achievements of Chinese scholars on foreign Islam and Muslims. This includes the study of Islamic classics such as Koran and Hadith, History, Pedagogy, Philosophy, Politics, Society and Culture. Islam and Muslims in different regions of foreign countries also have different characteristics, and the research methods also respect this aspect of attention. On the origin of academic history: according to the author's own and previous research results, it can be concluded that academic research with contemporary significance began at the beginning of the 20th century. Under the background of the introduction of Western learning to the East, modern academic research methods also affected the research field of Islam in China. There are four imams with high academic level, such as Ha Decheng, Wang Jingzhai, Da Pusheng and Ma Songtin. There is also Chen Hanzhang, Chen Yuan and Chuan Tongxian non-Muslim scholars joining the ranks of Islamic researchers. There was little research before the 20th century. The year 2000 can be regarded as the dividing line in the evolution of modern Islamic academic history. The period from the beginning of the 20th century to the founding of new China can be regarded as the beginning period. The period from the founding of new China to the reform and development can be regarded as the initial period. During this period, due to various political movements and other reasons, China's Islamic academic history and many other fields suffered setbacks such as stagnation to varying degrees. The period from reform and development to 2000 can be regarded as the prosperous period of Islamic academic research in contemporary China. During the period from 2001 to now, the subject consciousness is clear and the research methods are diversified. Many industries and scholars have actively participated in this research field, that is, using the theories and methods of religion, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, history, philosophy, linguistics, culture, politics and other disciplines to systematically study the historical, political, economic, cultural and other phenomena of Islam and Muslims, so as to lay a foundation for the further development of China's Islamic research.

Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on grade inflation in higher education in Turkey

This study analyzes the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on grade inflation in higher education. Data were collected from five universities in Turkey, including grades of 152,352 students who attended 2,841 courses conducted by 903 instructors before the COVID-19 pandemic and grades of 149,936 students who attended 2,841 courses conducted by 847 instructors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this study demonstrate that the COVID-19 pandemic causes a marginal increase in grades in higher education when the other factors that might explain the differences are controlled. Grade inflation of 9.21% is the highest ever reported in literature. Compared with a year ago, DD and DC grades decreased 55%; FD and FF grades decreased 31%; and the highest-grade AA increased 41% for courses taken during the pandemic. Additionally, classroom population, academic history of the instructor, class level, field, university entrance scores, and course execution and evaluation (grading) forms of course notes are important determinants. This increase can be explained by the effort of instructors who are accustomed to face-to-face settings. When they suddenly switch to distant education, they might try to grade higher to compensate for the unforeseen negative circumstances.

Student Performance Predictions Using Knowledge Discovery Database and Data Mining, DPU Students Records as Sample

This article presents the results of connecting an educational data mining techniques to the academic performance of students. Three classification models (Decision Tree, Random Forest and Deep Learning) have been developed to analyze data sets and predict the performance of students. The projected submission of the three classificatory was calculated and matched. The academic history and data of the students from the Office of the Registrar were used to train the models. Our analysis aims to evaluate the results of students using various variables such as the student's grade. Data from (221) students with (9) different attributes were used. The results of this study are very important, provide a better understanding of student success assessments and stress the importance of data mining in education. The main purpose of this study is to show the student successful forecast using data mining techniques to improve academic programs. The results of this research indicate that the Decision Tree classifier overtakes two other classifiers by achieving a total prediction accuracy of 97%.