scholarly journals Squeezing the Peasants: Grain Extraction, Food Consumption and Rural Living Standards in Mao's China

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 959-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Ash
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Farm Sector ◽  
Rural Living ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
State Investment

At the end of Mao's life farmers still accounted for some 80 per cent of China's population. Its declining share in GDP notwithstanding, agriculture continued to carry a heavy developmental burden throughout the Mao era. The production and distribution of grain – the wage good par excellence – held the key to fulfilling this role. But despite a pragmatic response to the exigencies of famine conditions in 1959–61, state investment priorities never adequately accommodated the economic, let alone the welfare needs of the farm sector. Thanks to the mechanism of grain re-sales to the countryside, the Chinese government's extractive policies were less brutal in their impact than those pursued by Stalin in the Soviet Union. Even so, a detailed national, regional and provincial analysis of grain output and procurement trends highlights the process of rural impoverishment which characterized China's social and economic development under Maoist planning.

scholarly journals The Strategy of Social and Economic Development of the Southern Federal District-2020: Preliminary Assessment of the Results

2019 ◽  
pp. 88-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Sushchiy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
Implementation Of The Strategy

The article examines the features of the implementation of the Strategy of Social and Economic Development of the Southern Federal District until 2020. It is established that the dynamics of the main segments of the economy and social sphere of the SFD in the 2010s proceeded according to the inertial scenario. The pace of their development slowed noticeably after 2014. This was due to the completion of large-scale financing of Olympic facilities. The deterioration of Russia’s international position and the imposition of a sanctions regime also had a negative impact on the dynamics of the district. But the failure to meet most of the targets was also due to the shortcomings of the Strategy itself. They include the orientation of all target indicators comparable to the Soviet Union on the linear growth, as well as the predominantly “declarative” nature of priorities in terms of the development of many clusters of the regional economy. The socio-economic development of the SFD in the 2010s is largely determined by the dynamics of the Azov-Black Sea region of advanced growth. The accelerated development of this zone was not so much the result of a deliberate policy of the federal center, but rather a consequence of the complex self-development of the local communities with the help of regional authorities successfully using the agroclimatic, transport, socio-demographic advantages of their territorial systems. The specificity of the implementation of the Strategy of the development of the Southern Federal district confirms that territorial social and economic systems with the dominating market mechanisms are partially subject to a planned impact of government authority when such an impact is supported by the regular large scale financing.

Law and Economic Development in the Soviet Union

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Christopher Osakwe ◽  
Peter B. Maggs ◽  
Gordon B. Smith ◽  
George Ginsburgs
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The Soviet Union

scholarly journals Changing Work Patterns of the Skolt Sámi

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Panu Itkonen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Social Constructions ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
World War ◽  
Work Patterns ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Second World

Abstract This article explores changing work patterns in the Skolt Sámi reindeer herding community of Sevettijärvi, northern Finland. As a result of the Second World War, Finland lost the original home territory of the Skolt Sámi to the Soviet Union. The Skolt Sámi of the old Suenjel village moved to the Sevettijärvi area in Finland. In this article I present major changes in three areas of this group’s work patterns: 1) combinations of livelihood; 2) forms of cooperation and reciprocity; 3) social constructions of work situations. The main causes of cultural change in the rein-deer herding community have been the mechanisation of reindeer herding and the centralisation of reindeer ownership. In anthropological studies, traditional forms of behaviour have at times been seen as obstacles to economic development. My argument is different: traditional forms of culture – in this case forms of reciprocity – can increase possibilities for economic development. The research data shows that the centralisation of reindeer ownership has decreased the possibilities for economic development in additional forms of livelihood among Skolt Sámi reindeer herders. The number of herders has decreased and the entrepreneurial collaboration is arranged so that there is less and less traditional reciprocity between separate households.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF EVALUATING THE EFFECIENCY OF EXECUTIVE AUTHORITIES IN THE ORGANIZATION OF TECHNOSPHERE SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF A RISK-BASED APPROACH IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Alan I. Bektirov ◽  
Valery I. Tatarenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Material Damage ◽  
Executive Authority ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Economic Control ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
And Control

Risk-oriented economic control and supervisory activity (CSA) consists in the fact that the objects of the economy under the supervision and control of the state are differentiated by the degree of probability of causing harm to human life and health, as well as material damage to the environment. The reform of the legislation affected the existing system of the CSA, including the procedure for implementing the CSA. Thus, the priority in conducting the CSA is directed towards measures to prevent violations and provide guarantees to economic entities in interaction with employees of executive authorities. The existing methodology for assessing the efficiency of the activities of executive authorities, to assess efficiency activities of executive authorities in terms of the efficiency of budget spending, trends in indicators of living standards, social and economic development of the region, as well as the degree of implementation of methods and principles of management at on level. At the moment, there is a need to develop indicators that characterize the efficiency of a particular executive authority, including the field of ensuring technosphere security. To select the indicators that characterize the efficiency of the activity, first of all, it is necessary to select the goals that the activities of the executive authority are aimed at.

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